TN 151 
,F75 
1881 




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Blake’s Patent Steam Pumps 

MORE THAN 13,000 IN USE. 

COMPACT AUP 

g| Hand Power 



+FIRE PUMPS A SPECIALTY-*- 

-ALSO- 

Improved. Mining Piunpa^ 
SEND FOR NEW ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. 


Geo. F. Blake Mfg. Co. 

88 LIBERTY STREET, 


uew -x"©:R.ie. 














Scranton Brass and File Works. 


JAMES M. EVERHART, 

MANUFACTURER OF 

EXTRA HEAVY BRASS WORK, 

FOR RESISTING MINE WATER. 

—ALSO,— 

CARR & WILCOX’S PATENT CUT FILES. 



Will out Faster, wear Longer, and Clog- less than any 
File in the Market. Best for Mine Drills. 

Everhart’s Miners’ Safety Lamp, 

SEE CUT. 

DAVIES’, STEVENSON, CLANNY, 

and BOSSES SAFETY LAMPS 

OF ALL PATTERNS. 

Miners’ Copper, Brass Sc Tin Lamps. 

A FINE ASSORTMENT. 

ANEROID BAROMETERS. 

Mine Water Gauges, 

WITH SPIRIT LEVEL. 

PNEUMATIC SIGNAL GAUGES*^— 

AND MOUTH PIECES TO ATTACH 

--^-TQ SPEAKING TUBES. 

THE BEST IMPROVEMENT OUT. 





Ejectors for Pumping out Mines with least expense. 

STEAM TRAPS AND PIPE COVERING, SAVES 30 PER CENT. 

WATCHMAN TIME DETECTORS, 

Lever Weight and Patent Ball Gauge Cocks. 

A LIBERAL DISCOUNT TC THE TEADE. SEND FOE CIECULAE3. 


















Geo. W. Snyder Co., Engineers and Manufacturers 


















































MINE WATER 

NEUTRALIZER 

FOR PREVENTING 

The corrosive action of the Sulphur 
Water on your Boilers. 


The Cost of this Fluid 

-HAS BEEN- 

REDUCED 50 PER CENT. 


Address 9 

S. B. BRISCOE, 

Potts vii, x e, 


vi 









Ashland Iron Works, 

JOSEPH W. GAENEE, Proprietor, 

Ashland, Schuylkill Co., Penna. 


These Works have been established many years, are 
completely equipped, and are prepared to build or repair 
all descriptions of 

C olliery M achinery , 

And of all sizes and capacities. We build 

Single and Double Steam Engines, 

Steam Pumps, 

With all the latest improvements. 

Breaker Machinery, 

Of the most approved patterns. 

Hoisting Machinery, 

Guaranteed as to efficiency and strength. 

Ventilating Fans, 

Of all the different makes. 

SCREENS, MINE CARS, &c., &c. 


Companies or operators wanting new machinery or 
repairs, will find it to their advantage to send for esti¬ 


mates to 

JOSEPH W. GARNER, 
ASHLAND, 

Schuylkill Co., Pa. 

vii 






Mineral Lands Prospected 

WITH THE 

Diamond Drill 

CONTINUOUS SECTIONS OR BORES PRODUCED, 

Showing depth, thickness, and quality of veins 
and deposits. 


SATISFACTION GUARANTEED. 


This is the only reliable method of prospecting by 
boring, and parties having mineral lands to prospect, 
whether Coal, Iron, Lead, Copper, Gold, or Silver, &c., 
should write us for prices, &c., before spending their 
money in trying to test by inferior methods. 


WE ALSO BORE 

ARTESIAN WELLS, 

More rapidly than can be done in any other way 
and perfectly round and straight, admitting a 
larger pump in proportion to size of hole bored 
than other wells, and supply them with pumps. 

DIAMOND DRILLS are also useful in boring for 
other purposes, such as boring anchor bolt holes in 
foundations without jarring the masonry; for boring 
holes in the rock for hydraulic elevators ; for boring into 
mines to carry steam from the surface; in short, for any 
purpose where a straight round hole is required in rock, 
whether perpendicular or horizontal. 

We manufacture Diamond Drills for all purposes of 
rock boring, also Engines, Pumps, Lathes, Drill Presses, 
Drill Press Chucks, &c. 

GENERAL REPAIRING PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. 

Address, 

PENN’A DIAMOND DRILL CO., 

Boom 8, No. 110 South Centre St., Pottsville, Pa. 

viii 





Chas. P. Hunt. 


Elwood H. Hunt. 


CHAS. P. HUNT & BBO ., 

Hardware and Mine Supplies, 

No. 112 South Main Street, 

WILKES-BARRE, PA. 


We carry the LARGEST STOCK of MINE SUPPLIES 
kept in the Valley. Among our specialties are the fol¬ 
lowing, always in stock :— 

English Brattice Cloth, Safety Lamps, Gauges, 
Safety Squibs, Fire Brick, Pine Tar, Gas 
Tar, Steam Pipe and Fittings, Eddy 
Valves, Steam Gauges, &c.. &c. 

ATLANTIC GIANT POWDER. 

ELECTRIC BATTERIES, 
Puses, Caps, Connecting Wire, Patent Mine Prills, &c. 

ZED. H. HTTLTT, 

Wire Coai Screen Manufacturer, 

Canal Street, near Union, 
WILKES-BARRE, PA. 

ORDERS SOLICITED AND PROMPTLY FILLED. 


IX 





THE CAMERON 

IMPROVED MINING PUMP, 

Ilorizorutal cltlcL 'Vertical, 

Arranged with special reference to pumping 
water containing gritty matter and acid. 


SEND FOR ILLTJSTRATED CATALOGUE. 


The A. 8. Cameron Steam Pump Works, 

Foot of East Twenty-third St., 
NEW YORK. 

X 














THE 


MINE FOREMAN’S 

POCKET BOOK 

ALMANAC and DIARY, 

FOR THE YEAR 


5 -A i <X r 

Edited by THOMAS J. FOSTER, 

Editor of the Mining Herald. 


Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1881, by The Mining 
Herald Company, Limited, in the office of the Librarian 
of Congress, at Washington. 

/ 

r 1 0t iopi 

( /'L.J «LV> iiioi 

Shenandoah, Schuylkill Go., Pa. : 

THE MINING HERALD COMPANY, Limited, 

15 South Main Street. 


(/ % * ‘) 

or 













m\ 


((■ 




THE DEANE 1 

IMPROVED MINING PUMPS 



DEANE STEAM PUMP COMPANY, 

Holyoke, Mass. 92 & 94 Liberty St, N. Y, 7 Oliver St., Boston. 












eDiTOR’$*Announ<£emem\ 




The Mine Foreman’s Pocket Book, Almanac and 
Diary is an adaptation, in part, of the Colliery Mana¬ 
ger’s Pocket Book, Almanac and Diary of the dis¬ 
tinguished mining engineer and author, Mr. W. Fairley, 
of London, England. Its publication was suggested by 
the great scarcity of works on mining among American 
miners, and it is hoped that it will, in some degree, 
fill this want and create an interest in technical mine 
knowledge among our mine owners, mine foremen, and 
miners generally. It is by no means as complete as it 
would have been had there been more time for its pre¬ 
paration, but it will prove a useful little book, and will 
be accepted as a good commencement in a field that has 
been heretofore unoccupied in this country. 




In the second line, in the second paragraph, in the 
article on Fire Damp, on page 141 the word lowest 
should be highest. 


+(iomem$+ 


ALMANAC. 

PAGE. 

The Seasons. 1 

Legal Holidays. 1 

Movable Feasts, etc. 1 

Eclipses. 2 

Phases of the Moon. 2 

Calendar.3 to 10 

DIARY AND CASH ACCOUNT. 

Diary.12 to 81 

Cash Account.82 to 90 

Rates of Postage. 91 

Internal Revenue Duties. 92 

Population of Anthracite Counties. 92 

POCKET BOOK. 

Inspectors of Mines, Pennsylvania..95, 96 

Inspector of Mines, Ohio. 96 

Inspector of Mines, Iowa. 96 

Inspector of Mines, Maryland. 96 

Inspectors of Mines, Illinois. 97 

Coal Fields of United States and Production. 98 

Coal Areas and Output of Globe.'.. 99 

Anthracite Coal Tonnage by Decades. 99 

Anthracite Coal Tonnage last Decade. 100 

Anthracite Coal Tonnage, 1880. 101 

Anthracite Coal Areas owned by the Companies. 101 

Prices of Anthracite Coal in New York for 53 years. 102 

Prices of Bar Iron in New York for 53 years. 102 

Prices of Scotch Pig Iron in New York for 53 years. 102 

Line and City Prices Schuylkill Coal, 1880. 103 

Harbor Prices, Port Richmond, 1880. 104 

xv 





























PAGE. 

Prices, Port Richmond, Shipment beyond Capes, &c., 1880... 104 

Prices at Elizabethport, N. J., 1880. 105 

Line Prices, Mauch Chunk, 1880. 105 

Philadelphia Prices, Mauch Chunk, 1880. 106 

Expenses to Philadelphia, Mauch Chunk, 1880. 106 

Coal Dealers’ Computing Table. 107 

Rating of Collieries, P. & R. Railroad.108 to 110 

Analytical Table Mineral Fuel. Ill 

Formula General Varieties of Coal. Ill 

Cross-section Southern Anthracite Coal Field. 112 

Cross-section Nanticoke Basin. 113 

Cross-section Anthracite Coal Field at Hazleton. 114 

Specific Gravity of Coal. 115 

Produce of Coal Seams.115, 116 

Produce of Anthracite Coal Veins. 117 

MINING NOTES. 

Prospecting. 118 

Shafting and Tunneling. 118 

Haulage. 120 

Shafting and Tunneling, Anthracite Region.121 

Size of Pillars. 121 

VENTILATION. 

Quantity of Air. 123 

Friction of Air in Mines. 124 

Furnace Ventilation.. 129 

Mechanical Ventilation. 129 

Measurement of Ventilation. 132 

The Anemometer.. 134 

Areas of Airways. 136 

To find Quantity of Air by Thermometer. 137 

The Water Gauge..-. 137 

Gases met with in Mines. 138 

Atmospheric Air. 138 

Nitrogen Gas. 139 

Oxygen Gas. 139 

Carbonic Acid Gas—Black Damp. 139 

Hydrogen Gas. 140 

Carbureted Hydrogen Gas. 140 

Fire-Damp.. . 441 

After-Damp. 142 


xvi 







































PAGE. 

Carbonic Oxide. 143 

Sulphureted Hydrogen. 143 

Pressure of Air at Different Heighths of Barometer. 145 

Elasticity of Atmospheres. 145 

Plans of Working to Secure Ventilation, Anthracite Region, 146 
Treatment of Persons Suffocated with Gas. 151 

SAFETY LAMPS. 

i 

The Davy Lamp. 153 

The Stephenson Lamp... 153 

Illuminating Power of Various Lamps. 153 

Inflammable Vapor given off by Gauzes.153 

Velocity Necessary to Explode Lamps. 154 

Experiments of Smethurst and Ashworth. 155 

BAROMETER AND WATER GAUGE. 

The Barometer. 157 

Corrections for Capillarity. 158 

Table of Pressure of Air, as shown by Barometer and Water 
Gauge. 159 

HE ^.T 

Standard*Points. 160 

Communication of Heat. 160 

Radiation, Absorption and Reflection of Heat. 161 

Table of Specific Heats. 162 

Table of Latent Heats. 162 

Lineal Expansion of Metals. 162 

Effects of Heat on Different Metals. 163 

Expansion of Solids. 163 

Expansion of Liquids. 163 

Combustion. 164 

Table of Volume of a Gaseous Body at Different Tempera¬ 
tures. 165 

Ordinary Melting Point of Various Substances. 166 

Colors Expressive of Temperatures. 167 

SURVEYING. 

The Miner’s Compass.. 168 

Points of the Compass and Angles with the Meridian. 169 

Use of the Table of Incline Measure. 169 

xvii 
































PAGE. 

Table of Incline Measure. 172 

How to Use the Gradometer. 173 

To ascertain the Scale of a Map. 174 

Useful Numbers in Surveying. 174 

Computation of Acreage. 174 

STEAM ENGINES, PUMPS, &C. 

Steam. 175 

Latent Heat of Steam.175 

Expansion of Steam. 176 

Pressure of Steam at Different Temperatures. 177 

Table of Steam used Expansively. 178 

Duty of Steam Engines. 178 

To find the Horse Power of Steam Engines. 179 

Boilers. 179 

Winding Engines. 180 

Pumping Engines. 181 

Table of Water Delivered by a Pump at Each Stroke of the 
Engine. 182 


WATER. 

To find the Weight of Water in Pipes.185 

Table of Weight of Water and Number of Gallons in Pipes, 185 
Table of the Weight of Water and Measure in Gallons in 

Wells and Pits.•.. 186 

To ascertain the Contents of a Cistern. 186 

To ascertain the Pressure of Water in Pipes. 187 

Table of the Pressure on Pipes with Various Heads of Water, 187 
Friction of Water in Pipes. 189 

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 

Ropes and Chains... 190 

Weight and Strength of Flat Ropes. 190 

Weight and Strength of Chain.191 

To find the Breaking Strain of Hemp Ropes.191 

How to Use Wire Rope. 191 

Weight and Strength of Round Hoisting Ropes, Iron and 

Cast Steel. 193 

To find the Transverse Strength of Beams. 194 

Strength of Rolled Iron Beams. 194 

Strength of Columns. 195 

Rule for the Strength of Rectangular Pillars of Wood. 195 

Strength of Materials in Long Columns. 196 

xviii 


































PAGE. 

Strength of Round and Flat Ends in Long Columns. 19G 

Strength of Section in Long Solid Columns. 196 

Hollow Columns. 186 

Breaking Weight of Wrought and Cast Iron Pillars. 196 

Safe Load for Hollow Cast Iron Pillars. 197 

Resistance of Materials to Crushing by a Direct Thrust. 198 

Resistance of Materials to Breaking Across. 199 

Greatest Safe Load per Superficial Foot. 199 

Notes on Strength of Materials. 200 

SPECIFIC GRAVITY, WEIGHT AND PROPERTIES OF 

MATERIALS. 

To find the Specific Gravity of a Solid. 201 

To find the Specific Gravity of a Fluid. 201 

To find the Magnitude of a Body from its Weight. 201 

To find the Weight of a Body from its Magnitude. 201 

Weight of Different Substances. 202 

Weight and Measure of Water at the Common Temperature, 203 

Specific Gravity of Gases.203 

Specific Gravity of Water. 205 

Specific Gravity of Building Materials.205 

Weight of Materials. 207 

Weight of Wrought Iron, Flat. 208 

Weight of Round Iron. 209 

Weight of Square Iron. 209 

Weight of Angle and T Iron. 210 

Weight of Boiler Plate Iron.210 

Iron Splices and Bolts required for a Mile of Track.210 

Weight of 100 Bolts of Different Sizes. 211 

Number of Nuts of Different Sizes in 100 Pounds. 212 

Size, Weight, &c., of Iron Wire. 213 

Weight of Sheet Iron. 213 

Shrinkage of Castings. 214 

Sizes and Weights of Gas Pipe. 214 

Force of Gravity.214 

CHEMICAL MEMORANDA. 

Table of Elementary Substances.216 

Binary Compounds. 218 

Nomenclature.218 

Common Names of Chemical Substances.219 

Table of Volumes of Gases Absorbed by 100 Volumes of 
Water. 220 


xix 






































USEFUL MEMORANDA. 

PAGE. 

Circumference of the Earth, &c. 221 

Quick Methods for Calculating, &c. 222 

Measures of Length.223 

Measures of Area. 224 

Measures of Weight.224 

Solid Measures. 225 

Measures of Capacity.225 

Measures of Value.226 

Comparative Table of Moneys.227 

Measures of Velocity. 227 

Measures of Heaviness.228 

Measures of Pressure.228 

Measures of Work.*. 229 

Measures of Power. 229 

The Statical Moment.229 

Units of Force.230 

Light. 230 

Combinations of Color. 230 

Contrasts of Color. 231 

Sound. 231 

Miscellaneous Items. 232 

Feeding Properties of Different Vegetables.233 

Colors used in Dra wing. 234 


xx 

























IDD6X TO ADYGRTISemenTS 


PAGE 

Anemometers—R. & J. Beck. xxix 

Ashland Iron Works—J. W. Garner. vii 

Colliery Iron Works—G. W. Snyder & Co. v 

■Cameron Steam Pump Works, N. Y. x 

Dean Steam Pump Co.*. xii 

Grate Bars—David S. Creswell.. xxxvi 

Hardware and Mine Supplies—C. P. Hunt & Bro. ix 

“ “ “ —Hunt Bros. & Co. xxvi 

“ “ “ —Beddall & Bro. xxxv 

Ingersoll Rock Drill Co., N. Y. xxv 

Impi’oved Balance Slide Valve—Wisner & Strong.xxx-xxxi 

Knowles Steam Pump Works, N. Y. xl 

Moosic Powder Co. xxxiii 

Mine Water Neutralizer—S. B. Briscoe. vi 

Mine Supplies—Troxell & Co. xxxvi 

Miners’ supply Co., St. Clair. xxxvii 

Mine Supplies—Kutzner & Co. xli 

Oils, &c.—L. C. Paine & Co.xxxviii 

Oils, <fec.—L. C. Thompson... ii 

Penna. Diamond Drill Co. viii 

Pulsometer Steam Pump Co., N. Y.. xxii 

St. Elmo Hotel—J. M. Feger. xxxiv 

Shamokin Hon Woi’ks. xxxii 

Scranton Bi’ass and File Aoi'ks. iv 

Steam Puixips—Blake Manufacturing Co. iii 

Variety Metal Boom—F. B. Bannan. xxix 

Vulcan Iron Works, Wilkes-Bari'e. xxviii 

Wyoming Valley Manufacturing Co., Wilkes-Bari'e. xxvii 

Wire Rope— Hazard Manufactui’ing Co., Wilkes-Barre... xxxix 
Wire Screens—A. L. Laubenstein. xxix 

































THE NEW 

PULSOMETER 

Will save over Fifty per cent in Fuel 
with greater duty than any other 
Steam Pump in the Market; also 
more Simple, Durable, and Compact. 
Specially adapted to Mining, Rail¬ 
roads, Steamboats, Paper Mills, 
Chemical and Gas Works, Tanneries, 
Breweries, Sugar Refineries, and 
other Manufactures. For Draining 
Quarries, Cellars, Plantations, and 
various other purposes. For Con¬ 
tractors use it has NO EQUAL. 


Office of Waddell & Co., Coal., 

Pittston, Pa. February 10th, 1881. 
Pulsometer Steam Pump Co.: 

The New Pulsometer is ahead of our expectations. Having 
used different makes of steam pumps, our opinion of the New 
Pulsometer is that for a dip pump it is the superior of them all. 

Very truly Yours, WADDELL & Co. 

Pittston, Pa., April 15th, 1880. 
Pulsometer Steam Pump Co. : 

I have been using the No. 7 New Pulsometer that I bought of 
you about three years ago pumping Mine Water, and find it 
works well. It has an advantage over other Steam Pumps for 
work inside the mines, on account of its not throwing out 
exhaust steam. Yours truly, A. TOMPKINS. 

Office of Coal Run Coal Co., 

Streater, III., November 29th, 1880. 
Pulsometer Steam Pump Co. : 

Your Pump, New Pulsometer No. 7, we have been using six 
months. It is always in order, and for amount of steam used 
is more effective than any pump we have ever used. 

Yours truly, NELSON PLUMB, Sup’t. 

McHenry Coal Co., 

McHenry, Ohio Co., Ky., February 23d, 1880. 
Pulsometer Steam Pump Co.: 

We have been using one of your No. 7 New Pulsometer 
Pumps in our mines for about three years. It throws more 
water than any pump I ever saw, and I heartily recommend it 
to any one who wants a good pump, with no machinery to get 
out of repair. Yours truly, W. G. DUNCAN, Sup’t. 


Send for book giving full description, reduced prices, and 
many letters of commendation from leading manufacturers and 
others throughout the country who are using them. 

PULSOMETER STEAM PUMP CO.,. 

Office, No. 83 John St., New York City. 


XXII 









1881 


Tear 6594, the Julian Period. 

2634, the foundation of Rome, according to Varron. 
7389-90, of the World, Constantinopolitan account. 
7373, of the World, Alexandrian account. 

5642, of the Jewish Era, commences on September 

24th, 1881. 

1299, of the Mahommedan Era, commences on Nov¬ 
ember 23d, 1881. 

Julian or Gregorian or 
Old Calendar. New Calendar. 


Golden Number, . . . 



1 



Epact.. 

. . . . 30 


11 



Solar Cycle, . . . . 
Roman Indiction, 

. . . . 14 


14 



. . . . 9 


9 



Dominical Letters, . . 

. . . . B 


D 



THE 

FOUR SEASONS. 




Spring begins, . . . . 


6.24 

a. 

m. 

Summer begins, . . . 


21st, 

2.32 

a. 

m. 

Autumn begins, . . . 


22d, 

4.54 

p. 

m. 

Winter begins, . . . . 


21st, 

11.04 

a. 

m. 


LEGAL HOLIDAYS. 

New Year’s Day, .January 1 

Washington’s Birthday,. February 22 

Decoration Day, ..May 30 

Independence Day,.July 4 

General Election, first Tuesday after first Monday in Nov’r. 
Thanksgiving, . . . . Usually a Thursday in November. 

Christmas,.December 25 


MOVEABLE FEASTS, ETC. 


Septuagesima, . . . Feb. 13 
Sexagesima, .... Feb. 20 
Ash Wednesday, . Mar. 2 
First Sun. in Lent, Mar. 6 
Palm Sunday, . . . Apr. 10 
Good Friday, . . . Apr. 15 


Easter, . .. . . 
Ascension, . . 
Whit Sunday, 
Trinity, . . . . 
Advent, . . . 


. Apr. 17 
. May 26 
. June 5 
. June 12 
. Nov. 27 


EMBER DAYS. 

1. Wednesday, Friday and Saturday after first Sunday in 

Lent, IVtarch 9th, 11th, 12th. 

2. Wednesday, Friday and Saturday after Pentecost, June 

8th, 10th, llth. 

3. Wednesday, Friday and Saturday after September 14th, 

21st, 23d, 24th. 

4. Wednesday, Friday and Saturday after third Sunday in 

Advent, December 14th, 16th, 18th. 

















2 


PLANETS BRIGHTEST. 

Mercury, Eeb. 23d, after sunset. April 7th, before sunrise. 
June 19th, after sunset. Aug. 5th, before sunrise. Oct. 16th, 
after sunset. Nov. 23d, before sunrise. 

Venus, June 9th. Mars, Dec. 26th. Jupiter, Nov. 13th. 
Saturn, Oct. 31st. 

ECLIPSES. 


This year will have four Eclipses, two of the Sun and two of 
the Moon, and a Transit of Mercury. 

I. A Partial Eclipse of the Sun May 27th, visible to the north¬ 
western part of the United States just before sunset. 

II. A Total Eclipse of the Moon June 11th and 12th, visible as 
follows: 


Visible at 

Begins 

Totality. 

Ends 

Begins Middle Ends 



A. M. 

A. M. 

A. M. 

A. M. 

Boston. 

12th, 0.26 A.M. 

1.29 

1.56 

2.51 

3.52 

New York. 

“ 0.14 “ 

1.17 

1.44 

2.39 

3.40 

Philadelphia. 

“ 0.10 “ 

1.13 

1.40 

2.35 

3.36 

Washington. 

“ 0.22 “ 

1.05 

1.48 

2.27 

3.28 

Buffalo. 

11th, 11.55 P. M. 

0.58 

1.41 

2.20 

3.21 

Charlestown. 

“ 11.50 “ 

0.53 

1.36 

2.15 

3.16 

St. Louis. 

“ 11.09 “ 

0.12 

0.55 

1.34 

2.35 

Chicago. 

“ 11.20 “ 

0.23 

1.06 

1.45 

2.46 


III. An Annular Eclipse of the Sun Nov. 21st, visible in the 
Southern Hemisphere. 

IV. A Partial Eclipse of the Moon, invisible in the United 
States. 

V. A Transit of Mercury, Nov. 7, visible to the United States 
at the following time, Washington mean time: 

Ingress—Exterior contact, 7d. oh. 7m. Ms. Interior contact, 
7d. oh. 9m. 37s. 

Least distance of centres—231°.l. 7d. 7h. 48m. 20s. 

Egress—Interior contact, 7d. lOh. 27m. 2s. Exterior contact. 
7d. lOh. 23m. 10s. 


PHASES OF THE MOON—PHILADELPHIA. 


MAY. 

D. H. M. 

First Quarter. 6 5 43 a. m. 

Full Moon.13 5 23 p. m. 

Last Quarter.20 10 7 a. m. 

New Moon.27 6 35 p.m. 

JUNE. 

First Quarter. 4 10 19 p. m. 

Full Moon.12 1 56 a. m. 

Last Quarter.18 4 18 p. m. 

New Moon.26 9 3 a.m. 

JULY. 

First Quarter. 4 0 16 p. m. 

Full Moon.11 9 13 a. m. 

Last Quarter.18 0 33 a. m. 

New Moon.26 0 18 a. m. 

AUGUST. 

First Quarter. 2 11 42 p. m. 

Full Moon. 9 4 6 p.m. 

Last Quarter.16 11 57 a. m. 

New Moon.24 3 45 p. m. 


SEPTEMBER. 


D. H. M. 


First Quarter... 

... 1 

9 2 a. m. 

Full Moon. 


11 39 p. m. 

Last Quarter... 

...15 

3 1 a, m. 

New Moon. 

...23 

6 54 a. m. 

First Quarter... 

...30 

4 48 p. m. 

OCTOBER. 

Full Moon. 

.... 7 

8 59 a. m. 


Last Quarter.14 9 25 p. m. 

New Moon.22 9 31 p. m. 

First Quarter.29 11 47 p. m. 

NOVEMBER. 


Full Moon. 

... 5 

9 

3 p. m. 

Last Quarter.... 

...13 

6 

1 p. m. 

New Moon. 

...21 

11 

21 a. m. 

First Quarter... 

...28 

7 

1 a. m. 

DECEMBER. 


Full Moon. 

... 5 

0 

13 p. m. 

Last Quarter.... 

...13 

3 

4 p. m. 

New Moon. 

....21 

0 

7 a. m. 

First Quarter..., 

,. .27 

3 41 p. m. 































































Sun 

rises 

f 1st. 4h 58m. 1\/T A V" Sun J 1st, 6h 56m. 

1 15th, 4h 42m. i . sets \ 15th, 7h 10m. 

1 

s. 

2d Sunday after Easter. 

2 

M. 

Hudson Bay Company established, 1670. 

3 

Tu. 

Bacon disgraced, 1626. 

4 

AY. 

Dr. Livingstone died, 1873. 

5 

Th. 

Napoleon Bonaparte died, 1821. 

6 

F. 

Fire at Audenried Shaft, 1879 (6 lives lost). 

7 

S. 

Explosion of gas, AYadesville Colliery, 1877 (7 killed). 

8 

s. 

3d Sunday after Easter. 

9 

M. 

Stonewall Jackson killed, 1863. 

10 

Tu. 

Centennial (International) opened at Philad’a, 1876. 

11 

W. 

Sir J. F. AY. Herscliel died, 1871. 

12 

Th. 

Charleston surrendered, 1780. 

13 

F. 

First settlement of Jamestown, Va., 1607. 

14 

S. 

Grattan died, 1820. 

15 

s. 

4tli Sunday after Easter. 

' 16 

I M. 

Rapin died, 1725. 

17 

Tu. 

Grant sails to Europe, 1877. 

18 

AV. 

Napoleon I. Emperor, 1801. 

19 

Th. 

Peace with Mexico, 1848. 

i 20 

F. 

Christopher Columbus died, 1506. 

21 

S. 

St. Helena discovered, 1502. 

22 

S. 

Rogation Sunday. 

23 

M. 

Battle of Ramillies, 1706. 

24 

Tu. 

Nicholas I. crowned, 1829. 

25 

AY. 

Emerson born, 1803. 

26 

Th. 

Ascension Day.—Holy Thursday. 

27 

F. 

AYest Pittston shaft disaster, 1871 (20 killed). 

28 

S. 

Sir Humphrey Davy died, 1829. 

29 

S. 

Sunday after Ascension. 

30 

M. 

Decoration Day — Soldiers’ Graves. 

31 

Tu. 

Battle of St. Lazaro, 1746. 


3 B 





















Sui 

rise 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

j 12 

| 13 

i 14 

15 

' 16 

17 

18 

j 19 

20 

| 21 

j 22 

23 

24 

I 25 

! 26 

| 27 

28 

29 

30 


h 30m. 
4h 28m. 


JUNE. 


Sun ( 1st, 7h 25m. 
sets \ 15th, 7h 33m. 


Port Boston closed, 1774. 

Explosion at Phoenix Park No. 2, 1876 (4 killed). 
Walworth shot, 1873. 

Mexican War declared, 1845. 

Wliit Sunday. 

Battle Stony Creek, 1813. 

Explosion at Wood Pit, Hay dock, Eng.,’80 (180 killed) j 
Black Prince died, 1376. 

George Stephenson born, 1781. 

f Ferndale Coll’y Expl’n, Eng., 1869 (80 killed).—Ten men 
lkilled by an explosion of gas at Henry Clay Coll’y, ’73. 

Sir John Franklin died, 1847. 

Trinity Sunday. 

Berlin Congress, 1878. 

United States flag, 13 stars and stripes, adopted, 1777 | 
Luther excommunicated, 1520. 

Corpus CJiristi. 

Battle of Bunker Hill, 1775. 

Battle Chalgrove, 1643. 

1st Sunday after Trinity. 

Augsburg Diet met, 1530. 

Summer begins. 

Haydon died, 1846. 

Explosion in Lubec, 1792. 

Newfoundland discovered by Cabot. 

Napoleon’s Farewell, 1815. 

2d Sunday after Trinity. 

Joseph Smith shot, 1844. 

Queen Victoria crowned, 1838. 

Earthquake in Italy, 1877. 

William Roscoe died, 1831. 























Sun 

rises 

fist, 4h 32m. TTTT V Sun f 1st, 7h 35m. 

\ 15th, 4h 42m. U U J_l X . sets \ 15th, 7h 30m. 

1 

F. 

Charlie Ross kidnapped, 1874. 

2 

s. 

Explosion, High Blantyre Col’ry, Scot., ’79 (26 killed). 

3 

s. 

Fire in Atwater Mine, Portage Co., 0.,'77 (10 killed). 

4 

M. 

Independence Day. 


Tu. 

f Seven men suffocated by gases from locomotive used 

o 

\ in Brookfield Mine, Trumbull Co., O., 1877. 

6 

W. 

Battle of Chippewa, 1814. 

7 

Th. 

Robert Dale Owen died, 1877. 

8 

F. 

Port Hudson surrendered, 1868. 

9 

S. 

Gen’l Braddock’s defeat on the Monongahela, 1755. 

10 

s. 

4tli Sunday after Trinity. 

11 

M. 

George Attwood, mathematician, died, 1807. 

12 

Tu. 

Morgan’s Raid, 1868. 

13 

W. 

Treaty of Berlin signed, 1878. 

14 

Th. 

Bastile destroyed, 1789. 

15 

F. 

Flight of Mahomet, 622. 

1 16 

S. 

Stony Point taken, 1779. 

17 

s. 

Fifth Sunday after Trinity. 

! 18 

M. 

Papal Infallibility, 1870. 

19 

Tu. 

Bodleian Library founded, 1610. 

20 

W. 

Spanish Armada defeated, 1588. 

21 

Th. 

Robert Burns died, aged 37, 1796. 

22 

F. 

Cromwell invaded Scotland, 1650. 

23 

S. 

1 Printing invented, 1440. 

24 

s. 

6tli Sunday after Trinity. 

25 

M. 

Stephenson’s first locomotive tested, 1814. 

26 

Tu. 

Atlantic cable laid, 1866. 

27 

W. 

f Death of Messrs. Wasley, Wilman & Reese at Kehley 

\ Run Colliery, 1880. 

28 

Th. 

Canal between Forth and Clyde opened, 1792. 

29 

F. 

| Wilbei force died, 1883. 

30 

S. 

j Cliambersburg burned, 1864. 

31 

S. 

7tli Sunday after Trinity. 


5 































AUGUST. 


Sun f 1st, 4h 57m. 
rises (15th, 5h 10m. 


Sun f 1st, 7h 16 m. 
sets (15th, Oh 58m. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 
21 
22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 


M. 

Tu. 

W. 

Th. 

F. 

S. 

s. 

M. 

Tu. 

W. 

Th. 

F. 

S. 

s. 

M. 

Tu. 

W. 

Th. 

F. 

S. 

s. 

M. 

Tu. 

W. 

Th. 

F. 

S. 

S. 

M. 

Tu. 

W. 


George I. crowned, 1714. 

Battle of Sedan, 1870. 

Arkwright died, 1792. 

Iowa admitted, 1846. 

f Experiments to ascertain the density of the earth com- 
\ menced by Prof. Airy, at Harton Colliery, Eng., 1S5J. 

Battle Hanging Rock, 1780. 

8tli Sunday after Trinity. 

Riots in Kilkenny, 1858. 

First Treaty "Wash. (Ashburton &Webster) signed ’42. 
Battle Wilson’s Creek, 18G1. 

Davis’ Straits discovered, 1585. 

George IV. born, 1792. 

Lavoisier born, 1743. 

9tli Sunday after Trinity. 

Sir Walter Scott born, 1769. 

Gas first introduced in London, 1807. 

Frederick the Great died, 1786. 

Corner stone Capitol laid, 1793. 

Frigate Guerriere capt’d by the Constitution, 1812. 
Explosion at Garswood Colliery, 1867. 
lOtli Sunday after Trinity. 

Battle of Bosworth Field, 1485. 

Alex. Wilson died, 1813. 

Washington city taken, 1814. 

Michael Faraday died, 1867. 

Prince Albert born, 1819. 

Hew Amsterdam surrendered, 1664. 

11 tli Sunday after Trinity. 

Norway and Denmark united, 1450. 

William Penn died, 1718. 

John Bunyan died, 1688. 


6 















Sun 

rises 

&CA SEPTEMBER. *£{!&%*& 

1 

Th. 

Lopez garroted, 1851. 

2 

F. 

Napoleon III. surrendered, 1870. 

3 

S. 

Definitive Treaty of Peace with Great Britain, 1788. 

4 

S. 

12tli Sunday after Trinity. 

5 

M. 

Continental Congress, 1774. - 

0 

Tu. 

Explosion at Moss Col’ry, Wigan, Eng., ’71 (70 killed), j 

7 

W. 

Battle of Belmont, 1861. 

8 

Th. 

| Explosion at Seaham Pit, 1880 (140 lives lost). 

9 

F. 

Sebastapol taken, 1855. 

10 

S. 

Com. Perry’s victory, Battle of Lake Erie, 1813. 

11 

s. 

13tli Sunday after Trinity. 

12 

M. 

Guizot died. 1874. 

13 

Tu. 

Philip II. died, 1518. 

14 

W. 

J. Fenimore Cooper died, 1851. 

15 

1 Th. 

J. Fenimore Cooper born, 1789. 

16 

F. 

Terrible Disaster at Avondale, 1869 (100 lives lost). 

17 

S. 

I Battle of Antietam, 1862. t. 

18 

s. 

14tli Sunday after Trinity. 

19 

M. 

Battle of Iuka, 1862. 

20 

Tu, 

Second exp. at Moss Pitts, Wigan, Eng., ’71 (5 killed). 

21 

W. 

Sir Walter Scott died, aged 61, 1832. 

22 

Th. 

Mormonism founded, 1827. 

23 

F. 

Russian Fleet sunk, 1854. 

24 | 

S. 

Don Pedro died, 1834. 

25 

s. 

15tli Sunday after Trinity. 

26 

M. 

Battle Pilot Knob, 1864. 

27 

Tu. 

Alva takes Rome, 1557. 

28 

W. 

Strasbourg captured, 1870. 

29 

Th. 

William the Conqueror landed in England, 1066. 

30 

F. 

Treaty concluded bet’n United States and France, 1800. 


7 















Sun fist. 5h 56m. Of' ,r TlWR7i r P Sun fist, 5h 42m. 

rises \ 15th, 6h 12m. wl vADili.LY,. se ts j lotL, 5h 20m. 

1 

S. 

Battle of Lowositz, 1756. 

2 

s. 

Explosion at Otto Red Ash Colliery, 1871 (5 killed). 

3 

! 

M. 

Black Hawk died, 1838. 

4 

Tu. 

Selkirk exiled, 1704. 

5 

W. 

Cornwallis died, 1805. 

6 

Th. 

Alex. Murray died, 1821. 

7 

F. 

Rope broke at Boston Run Colliery, 1876 (4 killed). | 

8 

S. 

Explosion at Prospect Colliery, 1878 (4 killed). 

9 

S. 

17tli Sunday after Trinity. 

10 

M. 

First overland mail, 1858. 

11 

Tu. 

Dr. Kane returns, 1855. 

12 

W. 

Columbus discovered Amerioa, San Salvador, 1492. 

13 

Th. 

N. Y. Banks suspend, 1857. 

14 

F. 

William Penn born, 1644. 

15 

S. 

Napoleon Bonaparte born, 1769. 

16 

s. 

18th Sunday after Trinity. 

17 

M. 

Battle of Saratoga, 1777. 

18 

Tu. 

St. Alban’s raid, 1864. 

19 

W. 

Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, 1781. 

20 

Th. 

George I. crowned, 1714. 

21 

F. 

Colliery explosion at Blantyre, near Glasgow, 1877. 

22 

S. 

Revocation of the edict of Nantes, 1685. 

23 

s. 

19th Sunday after Trinity. 

24 

M. 

Spain cedes Florida, 1820. 

25 

Tu. 

Davy announced discovery of Safety Lamp, 1815. 

26 

W. 

Hogarth died, 1764. 

27 

Th. 

Captain Cook born, 1728. 

28 

F. 

Tammany Ring tried, 1871. 

29 

S. 

Stokes sentenced, 1873. 

30 

s. 1 

20tli Sunday alter Trinity. 

31 

M. , 

Hallowmas Eve. 


8 


















Sun 

rises 

J 1st, 
1 15th 

NOVEMBER. 

1 

Tu. 

Earthquake at Lisbon, 1755. 

2 

W. 

Explosion at Mill Creek Colliery, 1879 (5 killed). 

3 

Tli. 

Great Eastern launched, 1857. 

4 

F. 

George Peabody died, 1869. 

5 

S. 

Gunpowder plot. 

6 

s. 

21st Sunday after Trinity. 

7 

M. 

First newspaper printed, 1663. 

8 

Tu. 

New York and Erie Railroad begun, 1835. 

9 

W. 

Great fire at Boston, 1872 ; loss, $73,600,000. 

10 

Th. 

Oliver Goldsmith born, 1728. 

11 

F. 

Martinmas. 

12 

S. 

French siege Vienna, 1805. 

13 

s. 

22d Sunday after Trinity. 

14 

M. 

Sir Charles Lyell born, 1797. 

15 

Tu. 

Explosion at Low Hall Col’ry, Eng., ’69 (26 killed) 

16 

W. 

Battle of Lutzen, 1632. 

17 

Th. 

Suez ©anal opened, 1869. 

18 

F. 

Powder explosion, Locust Dale Col’ry,’75 (4 killed) 

19 

S. 

Jay’s Treaty with Great Britain signed, 1794. 

20 

S. 

23d Sunday after Trinity. 

21 

M. 

Berlin Decree issued, 1806. 

22 

Tu. 

Dugdale Stewart, philosopher, born, 1753. 

23 

W. 

Elbridge Gerry died, 1814. 

24 

Th. 

Stephenson’s third Safety Lamp tested, 1815. 

25 

F. 

Poland ends, 1795. 

26 

S. 

Marshal Soult died, 1857. 

27 

S. j 

1st Sunday in Advent. 

28 

M. 

Washington Irving died, 1859. 

29 

Tu. 1 

Savannah taken, 1778. 

30 

W. 

St. Andrew’s Day. 


9 






















Sun \ 1st, 7h, 5m. 
rises j 15th, 7h 18m. 


DECEMBER. 


Sun f 1st, 4h 82m. 
sets \ 15th, 4h 34m. 


1 

Th. 

Princess of Wales horn, 1844. 

2 

F. 

Battle of Austerlitz, 1805. 

3 

S. 

Illinois admitted, 1818. 

4 

s. 

2d Sunday in Advent. 

5 

M. 

Mozart died, 1791. 

6 

Tu. 

Emperor William born, 1792. 

7 

W. 

Sydney beheaded, 1683. 

8 

Th. 

Explosion Edmund’s Main Col’ry, Eng. 1862 (54 k’d) 

9 

F. 

Father Matthew died, 1858. 

10 

S. 

Death of Leopold I., 1865. 

11 

s. 

Plague in London, 1625. 

12 

M. 

Sir M. J. Brunei died, 1849. 

13 

Tu. 

Talk-’o-th’-Hill Explosion, Eng., 1866 (91 killed). 

14 

W. 

Prince Albert died, 1861. 

15 

Th. 

Louis J. Agassiz died, 1873. 

16 

F. 

Fredericksburg evacuated by Union Army, 1863. 

17 

S. 

Milan Decree published, 1807. 

18 

S. 

1 Humphrey Davy born, 1778. 

19 

M. 

Henry II. crowned, 1154. 

20 

Tu. 

Sherman entered Savannah, 1864. 

21 

W. 

Powder Exp. at Continental CoPry, 1876 (4 killed) 

22 

Th. 

Pilgrims settled at Plymouth, Mass., 1620. 

23 

F. 

James II. abdicated, 1688. 

24 

S. 

| Hugh Miller died, 1856. 

25 

S. 

Christmas Day. Sir Isaac Newton born, 1642. 

26 

M. 

Siege of Metz, 1552. 

27 

Tu. 

John Kepler born, 1581. 

28 

W. 

Tay Bridge Disaster, Scotland, 1879. 

29 

Th. 

W. E. Gladstone born, 1809. 

30 

F. 

The Monitor sunk, 1862. 

3! 

S. 

Empire Mine fire discovered, 1874. 


10 




















^DIARY^ 


CASH ACCOUNT. 

H88H 


MAY, 1881 


2, Moil. 


3, Tues. 


4, Wed. 


12 







































MAY, 1881 


5, Tlrars. 


6, Fri. 


7, Sat. 


'Jr' 


\ 


13 












































MAY, 1881. 


9, Mon. 


10, Tues 















































MAY, 1881 


12, Thurs. 


13, Fri. 


14, Sat. 


* 


15 














































MAY, 1881. 


16 Mon. 


17, Tues. 




18, Wed. 




16 




































































MAY, 1881. 



17 




































MAY, 1881 


23, Mon. 


24, Tues. 


I 






25, Wed. 







































































MAY, 1881. 


26, Tliurs. 



27, Fri. 




28, Sat. 


19 



















































































MAY—JUNE, 1881 


30, Mon. 


31, Tues. 


1 June, W. 


20 































JUNE, 1881. 





3, Fri. 


4, Sat. 







































































JUNE, 1881 


6, Mon. 


7, lues. 


1,1 

8. AVed. 


22 


















































JUNE, 1881 


9, Tlmrs. 


lO, Fri. 


11, Sat. 







































JUNE, 1881 


13, Mon. 


14, Tues. 


15, Wed. 


24 

































JUNE, 1881 


16, Thurs. 


17, Fri. 


18, Sat. 



25 
































JUNE, 1881 


20, Mon. 


21, Tues. 


22, Wecl. 

















































JUNE, 1881 


23, Tliurs. 


24, Fri. 


25, Sat. 








































JUNE, 1881 


27, Mon. 


28, Tues. 


29, Wed. 


28 




































JUNE-JULY, 1881 


30, Tliurs. 


1 July—Fri. 


2, Sat. 


29 
































JULY, 1881 


4, Mon 


5, Tues 


6, Wed 


30 






































JULY, 1881. 


7, Tliurs. 


8, Fri. 


9, Sat. 


31 





































JULY, 1881 


11, Mon 





12, Tues. 






13, Wed. 


32 











































JULY, 1881. 



33 






























JULY, 1881 


18, Mon. 


19, Tues. 




20, Wed. 


34 








































JULY, 1881 


21, Tlmrs. 


22, Fri. 


23, Sat. 


i 


as 















































JULY, 1881 


25, Mon. 


26, Tues. 


27, Wert. 


36 


































JULY, 1881 


28, Tlmrs 


29, Fri. 


30, Sat. 


37 











































AUGUST, 1881 


1, Mon. 


2, Tues. 


3, Wert. 


38 
































AUGUST, 1881 


4, Tliurs. 


5, Fri. 


6, Sat. . 

... y 


39 





































AUGUST, 1881. 


8, Mon. 


9, Tues. 


lO, Wed. 


40 

































AUGUST, 1881 


11, Thurs. 


12, Fri. 


13, Sat. 


41 







































AUGUST, 1881, 


15, Mon. 


10, Tues. 


17, Wecl. 


42 



































* AUGUST, 1881 


18, Thurs. 


19, Fri. 


20, Sat. 


43 


E 








































AUGUST, 1881 


22, Mon. 


23, Tues. 


24, Wed. 


44 
































AUGUST, 1S81. 


25, Thurs. 


2(>, Fri. 


27, Sat. 


45 












































AUGUST, 1881 


29, Mon. 


30, Tues. 


31, Wed. 


4G 







































SEPTEMBER, 1881 



47 





































SEPTEMBER, 1881 


5, Mon. 


(>, Tues. 


7, Wed. 


48 


















































SEPTEMBER, 1881 


8, Thurs. 


9, Fri. 


lO, Sat, 


































SEPTEMBER, 1881. 


12, Mon. 


13, Tues. 


14, Wecl. 


50 























































SEPTEMBER, 1881 


15, Tlmrs. 


16, Fri. 


17, Sat. 


51 






















































SEPTEMBER, 1881 


19, Mon. 


20, Tues. 


21, Wed. 




















































SEPTEMBER, 1881 


22, Thurs. 


23, Fri. 


T 


24, Sat. 


53 














































SEPTEMBER, 1881 


26, Mon. 


27, Tues. 


28, Wed. 


54 
































SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1881. 


29, Thurs. 


30, Fri. 



1 Oct.-Sat, 
























































OCTOBER, 1881 


3, Mon. 


T, Tues. 


5, Wed. 


5G 


































OCTOBER, 1881 


6, Tliurs. 




8, Sat. 































OCTOBER, 1881 


10, Mon. 


11, Tues. 


c 

12, Wed. 


58 



































OCTOBER, 1881. 



59 


F 



































































OCTOBER, 1881 


17, Mon. 


18, Tues. 


19, Wed. 


60 
































OCTOBER, 1881 


20, Tlnirs. 


21, Fri. 


22, Sat. 


61 












































OCTOBER, 1881 

















































































OCTOBER, 1881 































OCTOBER-NOVEMBER, 1881. 


31, Mon. 

; . 

. 


1 Nov.—Tu. 


2, Wed. 


64 











































NOVEMBER, 1881. 


3, Tlmrs. 


4, Fri. 


5, Sat. 



































NOVEMBER, 1881 


7, Moil. 


8, Tues. 


9, Wc<l. 


6G 






























































NOVEMBER, 1881 


10, Tliurs. 


11, Fri. 


12, Sat. 


67 















































NOVEMBER, 1881 


14, Mon. 


15, Tues. 


16, Wed. 






























NOVEMBER, 1881. 


17, Thurs. 


18, Fri. 


19, Sat. 











































NOVEMBER, 1881 


21, Mon. 

. "S 


22, Tues. 


23, Wed. 


70 































NOVEMBER, 1881 


24, Thurs. 


25, Fri. 


26, Sat. 


71 


































NOVEMBER, 1881 


28, Mon. 


29, Tues. 


30, Wed. 


72 

































DECEMBER, 1881. 


1, Thurs. 


2, Fri. 


3, Sat. 


73 





































OECEMBER, 1881 



74 


















































DECEMBER, 1881 



















































DECEMBER, 1881 


12, Mon. 


13, Tues. 


14, Wed. 


76 
































DECEMBER, 1881 


15, Tliurs. 


16, Fri. 


17, Sat. 


77 































DECEMBER, 1881 


19, Mon. 


20, Tues. 


21, Wed. 


78 































DECEMBER, 1881. 


22, Tliurs. 


23, Fri. 


24, Sat. 


79 






























DECEMBER, 1881 


20, Mon. 


27, Tues. 


28, Wed. 


80 

































DECEMBER, 1881 


29, Tlmrs. 


30, Fri. 


31, Sat. 


81 










































MAY, 1881. 


RECEIVED. 

Cash Account. 

PAID. 

DOLLARS. 

CENTS. 


DOLLARS. 

CENTS. 










% 








































_* 





















































82 



















































































JUNE, 1881 


REOEIVED. 

Cash Account. 

PAID. 

DOLLARS. 

CENTS. 


DOLLARS. 

OENTS. 



















• 


.« 

. m. . 




















• 











































. 

i 

• 



t 


♦ 



i 








■s 

1 


83 































































































JULY, 1881 


RECEIVED. 

Cash Account. 

PAID. 

DOLLARS. 

CENTS. 


DOLLARS. 

CENTS. 





■ 
















• 

. m . 













































1 . 















•I 











• 












84 























































































AUGUST, 1881 


RECEIVED. 

Cash Account. 

PAID. 

DOLLARS. 

CENTS. 


DOLLARS. 

CENTS. 






• 





















m 









"4 . 



























• 

• 


- 
















• 



















• 




85 

























































































SEPTEMBER, 1881 


RECEIVED. 

Cash Account. 

PAID. 

DOLLARS. 

CENTS- 


DOLLAR9. 

CENTS. 































. 







# 


































.1 





I 





i 























80 





















































































OCTOBER, 1881. 


RECEIVED. 

Cash Account. 

PAID. 

DOLLARS. 

CENTS. 


DOLLARS. 

CENTS. 








































































































87 





























































NOVEMBER, 1881. 


RECEIVED. 

Cash Account. 

PAID. 

DOLLARS. 

CENTS. 

• 

DOLLARS. 

CENTS. 



« 




















• 








* 

. 


























- 















































88 

















































































DECEMBER, 1881. 


RECEIVED. 

Cash Account. 

PAID. 

DOLLARS. 

CENTS. 

• 

DOLLARS. 

CENTS. 

• 



• 




















• 










• 




































































4 


















































































MEMORANDA 



90 





































91 


RATES OF POSTAGE. 

FIRST-CLASS MATTER.—Includes letters, postal 
cards, and anything sealed or otherwise closed against 
inspection, or anything containing writing not allowed as 
an accompaniment to printed matter, under class three. 
Postage, three cents each half-ounce or fraction thereof. 
On local or drop letters, at free delivery offices, two 
cents. At offices where no free delivery by carrier, one 
cent. Pre-payment by stamps invariably required. Postal 
cards, one cent. Registered letters, ten cents in addition 
to the proper postage. The Post Office Department or 
its revenue is not by law liable for the loss of any regis¬ 
tered mail matter. 

SECOND CLASS.—Includes all newspapers, periodi¬ 
cals or matter exclusively in print and regularly issued 
at stated intervals as frequently as four times a year from 
a known office of publication or news agency. Postage, 
two cents a pound or fraction thereof, prepaid by special 
stamps. Publications designed primarily for advertising 
or free circulation, or not having a legitimate list of sub¬ 
scribers, are excluded from the pound rate, and pay third- 
class rates. 

THIRD CLASS.—Includes books, transient newspapers 
and periodicals, circulars, and other matter wholly in 
print, legal and commercial papers filled out in writing, 
proof-sheets, corrected proof-sheets and manuscript copy 
accompanying the same. Manuscript unaccompanied by 
proof-sheets, letter rates. Limit of weight, four pounds 
each package, except single books— weight not limited. 
Postage, one cent for each two ounces or fractional 
part thereof, invariably prepaid by stamps. 

FOURTH CLASS.— Embraces merchandise and all 
matter not included in the First, Second or Third Class, 
which is not liable to injure the mail matter. Limit of 
weight, four pounds. Postage, one cent each ounce or 
fraction thereof, prepaid. All packages of the Third or 
Fourth Class must be so wrapped or enveloped that their 
contents may be examined by postmaster without des¬ 
troying the wrappers. Matter of the Second, Third or 
Fourth Class containing any writing except as here speci¬ 
fied, or except bills and receipts for periodicals, or the 
date and name of the addressed and of the sender of 
circulars will be charged w ith letter postage; but the 
sender of any book may write names or addresses therein, 


92 


or on the outside, with the word “from” preceding the 
same, or may write briefly on any package the number 
and names of the articles inclosed. 

POSTAL MONEY ORDERS.—An order may be issued 
for any amount, from one cent to fifty dollars, inclusive, 
but fractional parts of a cent cannot be included. The 
fees for orders are : on orders not exceeding $15, ten cents; 
over $15 and not exceeding $30, fifteen cents ; over $30 
and not exceeding $40, twenty cents ; over $40 and not 
exceeding $50, twenty-five cents. When a larger sum 
than fifty dollars is required, additional orders must be 
obtained ; but no more than three orders will be issued 
in one day from the same post office to the same remitter 
in favor of the same payee. 

INTERNAL REVENUE DUTIES. 

Bankers’ capital, of 1 per cent, per month. 

Bankers’ checks, 2 cents. 

Bankers’ deposits, y 1 ^ of one per cent, per month. 

Cigars, foreign or domestic, $6 per 1000. 

Cigarettes, foreign or domestic, $1.75 per 1000, weighing 
not over three pounds. 

Cigarettes, foreign or domestic, $6 per 1000, weighing 
over three pounds. 

Chewing and smoking tobacco, twenty-four cents per 
pound. 

Snuff, thirty-two cents per pound. 

Distilled spirits, ninety cents per gallon. 

Fermented liquors, $1 per barrel of thirty-one gallons. 
Matches, in boxes containing 100 or less, one cent. 
Matches, in boxes containing over 100 and less than 200, 
two cents. 

PROPRIETARY ARTICLES. 

Less than twenty-five cents, retail, one cent. 

Over twenty-five and not over fifty cents retail, two cents. 
Over fifty and not over seventy-five cents retail, three 
cents. 

Over seventy-five and not over one hundred cents retail, 
four cents. 

POPULATION OF ANTHRACITE COAL 
COUNTIES. 

Luzerne.133,066 Northumberland.58,132 

Schuylkill.129,977 Columbia.32,408 

Lackawanna. 89,628 Carbon.31,922 








THE 



Pocket Book. 














































2nt _a_ imi m s 


OF THE 

INSPECTORS OF MINES 

OF THE 

TTIN'ITIEID STATES. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

ANTHRACITE REGION. 

First or Pottsville District. — Samuel Gay, Esq., Potts- 
ville, Schuylkill County, Pa. 

Second or Shenandoah District .— Robert Mauchline, 
Esq., Shenandoah, Schuylkill County, Pa. 

Third or ShamokinDistrict. — James Ryan, Esq., Shamo- 
kin, Pa. 

Middle District of Luzerne, Lackawanna and Carbon 
Counties .—G. M. Williams, Esq., Wilkesbarre, Luzerne 
County, Pa. 

Eastern District of Luzerne, Lackawanna and Ca/rbon 

Counties .— Patrick Blewitt, Esq., Scranton, Lacka¬ 
wanna County, Pa. 

South District of Luzerne, Lackawanna and Ca/rbon 
Counties .—T. D. Jones, Esq., Hazleton, Luzerne County, 
Pa. 

MINE INSPECTORS’ CLERKS. 

For the Mining District of Schuylkill .—E. J. Gaynor, 
Esq., Pottsville, Schuylkill County, Pa. 

For the Mining District of Luzerne and Carbon Coun¬ 
ties .— Michael McNertney, Esq., Wilkesbarre, Luzerne, 
County, Pa. 


( 95 ) 



96 


EXAMINING COMMITTEES. 

Mining District of Schuylkill County. 

Heber S. Thompson, M. E., Pottsville, Schuylkill Co., 
Pa. 

John R. Hoffman, M. E., Shamokin, Northumberland 
County, Pa. 

R. W. Roberts, Esq., St. Nicholas, Schuylkill Co., Pa. 

James McLaughlin, Esq., Cumbola, Schuylkill Co., Pa. 

Thomas Crowe, Esq., New Mines, Schuylkill Co., Pa. 

Luzerne and Carbon Counties. 

Benjamin Hughes, Esq., Hyde Park, Lackawanna 
County, Pa. 

John R. Dayis, Esq., Scranton, Lackawanna Co., Pa. 

James O’Halloran, Esq., Moosic, Luzerne Co., Pa. 

William Bestford, Esq., Port Blanchard, Pa. 

James Bryden, Esq., Pittston, Lackawanna Co., Pa. 

BITUMINOUS REGION. 

First District (embracing the counties of Greene, Wash¬ 
ington, Fayette, Somerset, Bedford, Westmoreland, and that 
portion of Allegheny County lying south of the Ohio and 
Allegheny rivers ).— William Wilcox, Esq., Mansfield, 
Allegheny County, Pa. Appointed July 10th, 1877. 

Second District (embracing the counties of Beaver, Law¬ 
rence, Mercer, Crawford, Erie, Warren, Forest, Venango , 
Clarion, Jefferson, Indiana, Armstrong, Butler, and that 
portion of Allegheny County lying north of the Ohio and 
Allegheny rivers).— J. L. Davis, Esq., Brady’s Bend, Arm¬ 
strong County, Pa. Appointed July 10th, 1877. 

Third District (embracing the counties of Cambria, Blair, 
Huntingdon, Centre, Clearfield, Elk, Cameron, McKean, 
Potter, Clinton, Lycoming, Bradford and Tioga ).— William 
L. Richards, Esq., Blossburg, Tioga County, Pa. Ap¬ 
pointed July 10th, 1877. 

OHIO. 

For the State .— Andrew Roy, Esq., Columbus, O. 

IOWA. 

For the State.— Parker C. Wilson, Esq., Des Moines, la. 

MARYLAND. 

District of Allegheny and Garrett Counties .— Thomas 
Brown, Esq., Cumberland, Allegheny County, Md. 


97 


ILLINOIS. 

The county boards in each of the mining counties of 
Illinois appoint, at the September meeting, one Inspector 
of Mines, who shall have been a resident of the county 
for which he is appointed for one year previous to his 
appointment, and shall be required to enter into a bond 
for the faithful discharge of his duties. He shall also 
take an oath of office as prescribed by the constitution. 
His term of office is one year, but he may be reappointed 
as often as it is thought proper. The county board fixes 
the number of days to be employed by the county In¬ 
spector in inspecting the different mines of his county, 
and the inspector receives such compensation for time 
actually employed in the performance of his official duties 
as shall be fixed by the county board, to be not less than 
three dollars nor more than five dollars per day, to be 
paid out of the county treasury. Where non-compliance 
with mining laws occurs, it is the county Inspector’s duty 
to demand, and, if necessary, compel bylaw, the collection 
from owners or operators of such mine of all expenses of 


such inspections. 

Name. 

County. 

P. 0. Address. 

A. H. Johnson, 

Clinton, 

Carlyle. 

F. H. Setters, 

Gallatin, 

Sliawneetown. 

F. H. Setters, 

Grundy, 

Morris. 

P. Kelly, 

Will, 

Braidwood. 

E. C. Rossetter, 

Henry, 

Cambridge. 

W. C. Tipton, 

Jackson, 

Murphysboro. 

James O’Malley, 

La Salle, 

Ottawa. 

John Reese, 

Livingstone, 

Pontiac. 

J. H. Rhodes, 

Logan, 

Lincoln. 

Joseph Schwager, 

Madison, 

Edwardsville. 

Thomas Rose, 

Mercer, 

Aledo. 

Wm. S. Woods, 

Menard, 

Petersburg. 

John Craig, 
Charles McShays, 

Macoupin, 

Carlinville, 

Peoria, 

Randolph, 

Peoria. 

R. B. Houston, 

Cluster. 

Wm. Lee, 

Rock Island, 

Coal Valley. 

David Cummings, 

Sangamon, 

Springfield. 

Joseph Lamb, 

Tazwell, 

Pekin. 

T. S. McClanahan, 

Warren, 

Williamson, 

Monmouth. 

James Thompson, 

Marion. 

Martin Deavey, 

Woodford, 

Meta m ora. 

James Brucewell, 

Vermillion, 

Danville. 


98 


AREA OF THE COAL FIELDS OF THE UNITED 
STATES, AND PRODUCTION FOR 1879. 



United Kingdom was 8,877. 

For 1880, tlie Anthracite coal production of the United 
States was 28,487,242 tons, and Mr. F. E. Saward, of New 
York, estimates the bituminous production to have been 
37,000,000, making a total production of 00,437,242 tons. 








































99 

COAL AREAS AND OUT-PUT OF THE GLOBE. 


Countries. 

Area 

Square 

Miles. 

Tons—1870. 

Tons—1878. 

Great Britain........ 

United States. 

Germany. 

France. 

Belgium. 

Austria. 

Russia. 

Spain. 

Nova Scotia. 

Australia. 

India. 

Japan . 

11,900 

192,000 

1,770 

2,086 

510 

1,800 

30,000 

3,501 

18,000 

24,840 

2,004 

5,000 

390 

110,431,192 

32,863,690 

34,003,004 

13,179,708 

13,697,118 

8,355,944 

829,745 

661,927 

625,769 

868,564 

500,000 

1132,607,866 

*49,130,584 

50,400,925 

17,096,500 

14,899,175 

14,500,000 

I 1,709,269 
765,000 
788,000 
1,575,926 
4,000,000 
600,000 
228,974 
4,360,000 

Vancouver’s Island 
China, Chili, etc.... 

Total. 

29,863 

4,000,000 

293,801 

214,046,524 

292,652,2 llT 


*For the year 1880, 60,437,242 tons, 
f For the year 1879, 134,008,228 tons. 


ANTHRACITE COAL TONNAGE BY DECADES. 


Year. 

Schuylkill. 

Lehigh. 

I Wyoming. 

Total. 

1820. 


365 



1830. 

“*89,984 | 

41,750 | 

43,000 | 

174,734 

1840. 

490,596 

225,313 

148,470 

864,384 

1850. 

1,840,620 

690,456 

827,823 

3,358,899 

1860. 

3,749,632 

1,821,674 

2,941,817 

8,513,123 

1870. 

4,851,855 

3,172,916 

7,825,128 

15,849,899 

1880. 

7,554,742 

4,463,221 

11.419,279 

23,437,242 
















































100 


ANTHRACITE COAL TONNAGE OF LAST DE¬ 
CADE BY REGIONS. 


Year. 

Schuylkill. 

Lehigh. 

Wyoming. 

Total. 

1871-. 

6,314,422 

2,115,683 

6,683,302 

15,113,407 

1872. 

6,469,912 

3.743,278 

8,812,905 

19,026,125 

1873. 

6,294,769 

3,243,168 

10,047,241 

19,585,178 

1874. 

5,642,180 

4,047,656 

9,290,910 

18,980,726 

1875.! 

6,281,712 

2,834,605 

10,596,155 

19,712,472 

1876. 

6,221,934 

3,854,919 

8,424.158 

18,501,311 

1877.- 

8,195,042 

4,332,760 

8.300,377 

20,828,179 

1878. 1 

6,282,226 

3,237,449 

8,085,587 

17,605,262 

1879. 

8,960,329 

4,595,567 

12,586,293 

26,142,689 

1880. 

7,554,742 

4,463,221 

11,419,279 

23,437,242 


According to Mr. John H. Jones, accountant for the 
Anthracite coal companies, the stock of coal on hand at 
tide-water shipping points, December 31st, 1880, was 
500,273 tons ; on November 30th, 609,833 tons ; decrease, 
109,560 tons. The amount on hand December 31st, 1879, 
was 613,512 tons; and on December 31st, 1878, 501,377 
tons. 

Of the total production in 1880, 11,419,279 tons, or 
48.72per cent., was from the Wyoming Region; 4,463,221 
tons, or 19.05 per cent., from Lehigh Region, and 7,554,- 
742 tons, or 32.23 per cent., from Schuylkill Region. 

Competitive tonnage, including all Coal which for final 
consumption, or in transit, reaches any yoint on Hudson 
River or the Bay of New York, or which passes out of the 
Capes of the Delaware, except Pea and Dust. 


1879 .11,813,798 tons. 

1880 .. .10,088,159 “ 























101 


ANTHRACITE COAL TONNAGE FOR 1880, COM¬ 
PARED WITH 1879. 

Compiled by Mr. John II. Jones. 



For Year 
1880. 

For Year 
1879. 

Difference. 

Philad’a & Reading R. R. 

Lehigh Valley R. R. 

Central R. R. of N. J. 

Del., Laeka. & W. R. R... 

Del. & Hud. Canal Co. 

Pennsylvania R. R. 

Penn'a Coal Co. 

N. Y., L. E. &W. R. R. 

5,933,922 14 
4,394,532 14 
3,470,141 02 
3,550,348 05 
2,074,704 18 
1,864,031 15 
1,138,466 05 
411,094 11 

7,442,617 04 
4,405,957 13 
3,825,553 07 
3,867,404 11 
3,014,117 06 
1,682,106 10 
1,427,150 03 
477,782 15 

Dec. 1,508,694 10 

Dec. 11,424 19 

Dec. 355,412 05 

Dec. 317,056 06 

Dec. 339,412 08 

Inc. 181,925 05 

Dec. 288,683 18 

Dec. 66,688 04 

Total. 

23,437,242 04 

26,142,689 09 Dec. 2,705,447 05 


ANTHRACITE COAL AREAS OWNED BY THE 
SEVERAL COMPANIES IN THE DIFFERENT 
COAL FIELDS AND THE PER CENT. OF THE 
WHOLE IN TONS. 

From Mr. P. W. Sheafer’8 Diagram. 



Schuylkill 

Middle. 

Wyoming. 

Acres. 

Per 

Cent 

Acres. 

Per 

Cent 

Acres. 

Per 

Cent 

Lehigh Valley. 



18,036 

7,000 

24 

8 

6,934 

7,400 

20,042 

3,500 

10,000 

4 

5 
12 

3 

6 

Lehigh and Wilkesbarre. 

Delaware and Hudson. 

7,600 

8 

Delaware, Lack. & Western 
Pennsylvania Coal Co. 









Phil. & Read. Coal & Iron Co. 
Pennsylvania Railroad Co... 
Girard Estate. 

65,306 

6,000 

70 

6 

23,250 

9,000 

6,000 

1,373 

32 

9 

8 

2 

5,823 

6 

Gilbert A: Co. 





Alliance Coal Mining Co. 

3,172 

11,362 

3 

13 



All others.7 .. 

Total. 

15,981 

17 

73,02i 

64 

93,440 100 

80,640 

100 

126,720 

100 


















































102 


LOWEST AND HIGHEST PRICES OF ANTHRA¬ 
CITE COAL, BAR IRON, AND SCOTCPI PIG 
IRON, IN THE NEW YORK MARKET, FOR 
FIFTY-SIX YEARS.—1825-1880. 


From SpofforcVs American Almanac . 




Anthracite 


Ix-on 

, Bar. 



Iron, 


Year 



Coal. 



Ton. 


Scotch 

Pis 


1825 

I 


Ton. 

H. 

] 


H 


L. 

Ton. H. 

$8 

00 

$11 

00 

$85 

00 

$120 

00 

$35 

00 

$75 

00 

1826 

11 

00 

12 

00 

85 

00 

100 

00 

50 

00 

70 

00 

1827 

10 

50 

12 

50 

77 

00 

95 

00 

50 

00 

55 

00 

1828 

10 

00 

12 

00 

77 

50 

82 

50 

50 

00 

55 

00 

1829 

10 

00 

12 

00 

72 

50 

82 

50 

40 

00 

55 

00 

1830 

7 

00 

12 

00 

72 

50 

77 

50 

40 

00 

50 

00 

1831 

6 

00 

9 

00 

70 

00 

80 

00 

40 

00 

47 

50 

1832 

8 

50 

16 

00 

7 r 

00 

75 

00 

40 

00 

47 

50 

1838 

5 

50 

10 

00 

71 

00 

75 

00 

37 

50 

47 

50 

1834 

5 

50 

6 

50 

67 

00 

75 

00 

37 

50 

48 

00 

1835 

5 

50 

9 

00 

67 

50 

75 

00 

38 

00 

42 

50 

1836 

7 

00 

11 

00 

75 

00 

105 

00 

38 

00 

62 

50 

1837 

8 

50 

11 

00 

85 

00 

105 

00 

40 

00 

70 

00 

1838 

7 

00 

9 

50 

85 

00 

97 

50 

37 

50 

55 

00 

1839 

6 

50 

9 

00 

82 

50 

95 

00 

37 

50 

45 

00 

1840 1 

6 

00 

8 

50 

70 

00 

82 

50 

32 

50 

40 

00 

1841 

6 

50 

9 

00 

60 

00 

75 

00 

32 

00 

37 

50 

1842: 

5 

00 

9 

00 

50 

00 

62 

50 

23 

50 

35 

00 

1843! 

4 

50 

6 

00 

55 

00 

60 

00 

22 

50 

32 

00 

1844! 

4 

25 

6 

00 

57 

00 

65 

00 

30 

00 

35 

00 

1845 

4 

50 

6 

00 

62 

50 

85 

00 

30 

00 

52 

50 

1846 

! 5 

00 

7 

00 

75 

00 

80 

00 

35 

00 

42 

50 

1847 

5 

00 

7 

00 

70 

00 

77 

50 

30 

00 

42 

50 

1848 

4 

50 

6 

00 

50 

00 

70 

00 

25 

00 

37 

50 

1849 

5 

00 

6 

00 

40 

00 

55 

00 

22 

50 

27 

50 

1850 

5 

00 

7 

00 

40 

00 

45 

00 

21 

00 

24 

00 

1851 

4 

25 

7 

00 i 

33 

50 

41 

00 

19 

00 

25 

00 

1852 

1 5 

00 

7 

00 j 

34 

00 

55 

00 

19 

00 

31 

00 

1853 

5 

00 

7 

oo I 

55 

00 

75 

00 

28 

50 

38 

00 

1854 

6 

00 

7 

50 

62 

50 

77 

50 

32 

00 

42 

50 

1855 

5 

50 

7 

50 

55 

00 

65 

00 

26 

50 

37 

00 

1856 

5 

50 

6 

50 

50 

00 

65 

00 

29 

00 

37 

00 

1857 

6 

00 

7 

00 

52 

00 

62 

50 

28 

00 

37 

50 

1858 

5 

00 

6 

00 

44 

00 

55 

00 

22 

00 

27 

00 

1859 

5 

25 

5 

50 

42 

50 

50 

00 

22 

00 

31 

50 

i860 

5 

50 

6 

00 

41 

00 

44 

00 

20 

50 

27 

00 

1861 

4 

20 

6 

00 

38 

00 

50 

00 

20 

00 

24 

50 

1862 

4 

25 

8 

50 

50 

00 

70 

00 

21 

00 

33 

00 












103 



Anthracite 

Iron, 

, Bar. 

Iron. 

Year 

Coal. 

Ton. 

Scotch 

. Tier. 


L. 

Ton. H. 

L. 

H. 

L. Ton. H. 

1863 

$7 00 

$11 00 

$65 00 

$76 00 

$32 50 $45 00 

1864 

9 00 

15 00 

105 00 

220 00 

43 00 

80 00 

1865 

8 50 

13 50 

100 00 

130 00 

40 00 

55 00 

1866 

8 50 

13 00 

94 00 

115 00 

42 00 

55 00 

1867 

6 50 

8 50 

80 00 

100 00 

38 00 

49 00 

1868 

6 50 

11 50 

80 00 

95 00 

35 00 

45 75 

1869 

6 50 

10 50 

85 00 

95 00 

34 50 

45 00 

1870 

4 50 

8 50 

70 00 

90 00 

31 00 

37 00 

1871 

5 00 

13 00 

70 00 

95 00 

30 00 

39 00 

1872 

3 75 

6 25 

85 00 

120 00 

33 50 

61 00 

1873 

5 00 

6 50 

75 00 

110 00 

37 00 

52 00 

1874 

4 55 

5 55 

55 00 

80 00 

33 00 

45 00 

1875 

4 40 

5 55 

50 00 

62 50 

29 00 

41 00 

1876 

3 75 

5 55 

40 00 

54 00 

27 50 

3100 

1877 

3 25 

3 75 

44 80 

48 72 

25 00 

28 00 

1878 

2 75 

4 50 

42 50 

45 00 

21 50 

26 50 

1879 

2 15 

3 25 

45 00 

78 50 

19 00 

30 50 

1880 1 

3 50 

4 45 

46 00 

76 00 

20 00 

40 00 


PRICES OF COAL TO LINE AND CITY AT 
SCHUYLKILL HAVEN DURING THE YEAR 1880. 

Compiled by Mr. Frank P. Kendrick. 



1 Q 

I ^ 

1 

& 

•+j 

ai 

® 

m 

o 

hi 

h f) 

W 

*1 

> c3 

O g 

•£3 

j: 

o 

d 

<0 

Ph 

Jan. 

$2 65 

$2 65 

$2 65 

$2 65 

$2 90 

$2 65 

$1 5o 

Feb. 

2 75 

2 75 

2 50 

2 50 

1 2 60 

1 2 50 

1 50 

March... 

3 00 

3 00 

I 2 75 

2 50 

2 60 

2 50 

1 50 

April. 

3 00 

3 00 

2 75 

2 50 

2 60 , 

2 50 

1 50 

May. 

3 00 

3 00 

2 75 

2 50 

2 60 J 

2 50 

1 50 

June. 

3 00 

3 00 

2 75 j 

2 50 

2 75 

2 50 

1 50 

July. 

3 00 

3 00 

2 75 

2 75 i 

2 75 

2 50 

1 75 

August.. 

3 00 

3 00 

2 75 

2 75 ! 

2 75 

2 50 

1 75 

Sept. 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

2 75 

1 75 

Oct. 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

2 75 

1 75 

Nov. 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

2 75 

1 75 

Dec. 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 1 

2 75 

1 75 

































104 


HARBOR (F. O. B.) PRICES AT PORT RICHMOND 
DURING YEAR 1880 FOR HARD WHITE ASH. 



Lump. 

Steamboat. 

Broken. 

be 

be 

H 

>• 

o 

m 

Chestnut. 

Pea. 

Jan. 

$8 95 

$3 95 

$3 85 

$3 95 

$4 

20 

$3 70 

$2 85 

Feb. 

4 25 

4 25 

3 85 

3 85 

3 

95 

3 85 

2 85 

March... 

4 50 

4 50 

4 10 

3 85 

3 

95 

3 85 

2 85 

April. 

4 70 

4 70 

4 35 

4 10 

4 

20 

4 10 

3 10 

May. 

4 70 

4 70 

4 35 

4 10 

4 

20 

4 10 

3 10 

J une. 

4 70 

4 70 

4 35 

4 10 

4 

35 

4 10 

3 10 

July. 

4 70 

4 70 

4 35 

4 35 

4 

35 

4 10 

3 35 

August.. 

4 70 

4 70 

4 35 

4 35 

4 

35 

4 10 

3 35 

Sept. 

4 60 

4 60 

4 60 

4 60 

4 

60 

4 35 

3 35 

Oct. 

4 60 

4 60 

4 60 

4 60 

4 

60 

4 35 

3 35 

Nov. 

4 60 

4 60 

4 60 

4 60 

4 

60 

4 35 

3 35 

Dec. 

4 60 

4 60 

4 60 

4 60 

4 

60 

4 35 

3 35 


PRICES OF HARD WHITE ASH COAL (F. O. B.) AT 
PORT RICHMOND, BEYOND THE CAPES OF 
DELAWARE, DURING YEAR 1880. 



Lump. 

Steamboat. 

Broken. 

bC 

be 

H 

i 

6 

>■ 

o 

w 

Chestnut 

<3 

Jan. 3.... 

$3 90 

$3 90 

$3 60 

$3 60 

$4 00 

$3 50 

$2 50 

Feb. 19.. 

4 25 

4 25 

3 25 

3 25 

3 65 

3 50 

2 25 

Mar. 15.. 

4 40 

4 40 

3 65 

3 65 

3 65 

3 55 

2 40 

April. 

4 65 

4 65 

3 90 

3 90 

3 65 

3 65 

2 65 

May 10.. 

4 65 

4 65 

3 90 

3 90 

3 90 

3 65 

2 65 

June. 

4 65 

4 65 

3 90 

3 90 

3 90 

3 65 

2 65 

July. 

4 65 

4 65 

3 90 

3 90 

3 90 

3 65 

2 65 

August.. 

4 65 

4 65 

3 90 

3 90 

3 90 

3 65 

2 65 

Sept. 

1 4 65 

4 65 

4 05 

4 10 

1 4 10 

3 65 

2 65 

Oct. 

4 65 

4 65 

4 05 

4 10 

4 10 

3 65 

2 65 

Nov. 

4 65 

4 65 

4 05 

4 10 

4 10 

3 65 

2 65 

Dec. 

1 4 65 

4 65 

4 05 

4 10 

1 4 10 

3 65 

2 65 



















































105 


PRICES OF HARD WHITE ASH (F. O. B.) AT 
ELIZABETHPORT, N. J., DURING THE YEAR 
1880. 



Lump. 

Steamboat. 

© 

o 

m 

si 

bo 

H 

Stove. 

43 

<r> 

8 

© 

Jan. 8... 

$4 25 

$4 25 

$3 95 

$3 95 

: $4 25 

$3 75 

$2 75 

Feb. 19.. 

4 75 

4 75 

3 60 

3 60 

4 00 

3 85 

2 50 

Mar. 15.. 

4 75 

| 4 75 

4 00 

4 00 

4 00 

3 90 

2 75 

April. 

5 00 

i 5 00 

4 25 

4 25 

4 00 

4 00 

3 00 

May 10.. 

5 00 

! 5 00 

4 25 

4 25 j 

4 25 

4 00 

3 00 

June. 

5 00 

5 00 

4 25 

4t 25 

4 25 

4 00 

3 00 

July. 

5 00 

5 00 

4 25 

4 25 ) 

4 25 

4 00 

3 00 

August.. 

5 00 

5 00 

4 25 

4 25 1 

4 25 

4 00 

3 00 

Sept. 

5 00 

5 00 

4 40 

4 45 i 

4 45 

4 00 

3 00 

Oct. 

5 00 

5 00 

4 40 

4 45 | 

4 45 

4 00 

3 00 

Nov. 

5 00 

5 00 

4 40 

4 45 ; 

4 45 

4 00 

3 00 

Dec. 

5 00 

5 00 

4 40 

4 45 

4 45 

4 00 

3 00 


LINE PRICES AT MAUCH CHUNK DURING 
YEAR 1880. 

Compiled by Mr. Frank P. Kendrick. 



January. 

February. 

March. 

April. 

c3 

2 

June. 

July. 

August. 

September. 

October. 

November. 

December. 

Lump, Furn... 

2 75 

2 75 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 25 

3 25 

3 25 

3 25 

“ Selected 
Steamboat. 

2 75 

2 75 

3 00 

3 00 

3 75 
3 00 

3 75 
3 00 

3 75 
3 00 

4 00 
3 00 

4 00 
3 25 

4 00 4 00 
3 25 3 25 

4 00 
3 25 

Broken. 

2 50 

2 50 

2 75 

2 75 

2 75 

2 75 

3 00 

3 00 

3 25 

3 25 3 25 

3 25 

Egg. 

2 50 

2 50 

2 75 

2 75 

2 75 

2 75 

3 00 

3 00 

3 25 

3 2513 25 

3 25 

Stove. 

2 60 

2 60 

2 85 

2 85 

2 85 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 25 

3 2513 25 

3 25 

Small Stove- 

2 60 

2 60 

2 85 

2 85 

2 85 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 25 

3 25 3 25 

3 25 

Chestnut. 

2 50 2 50 

2 75 

2 75 

2 751 

2 75 

2 75 2 75 

3 00 3 00 3 00 

3 00 

Pea. 

1 50 1 50 

1 75 

1 75 

1 75 1 75 

1 75| 1 75 

2 00|2 00 2 00 

2 00 




















































PHILADELPHIA AND TRENTON PRICES AT 
MAUOH CHUNK FOR 1880. 



March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 1 

September. 

October. 

November. 

December. 

Lump, Furnace. 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

“ Selected. 

3 75 

3 75 

3 75 

4 00 

4 00 

4 00 

4 00 

4 00 

Steamboat. 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

Broken. 

2 75 

2 75 

2 75 

2 75 

2 75 

2 75 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

Fgg. 

2 50 

2 50 

2 50 

2 50 

2 75 

2 75 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 

Stove. 

2 60 
2 60 

2 60 

2 60 

2 75 

2 75 

2 75 

3 00 

3 00 

3 00 
2 on 

13 00 
a no 

Small Stove. 

2 60 

2 60 

2 75 

12 75 

2 75 

3 00 

3 00 

Chestnut. 

2 50 

2 50 

2 50 

2 50 

2 50 

2 50 

2 75 

2 75 

2 75 2 75 

Pea. 

1 50 1 50 1 75 

1 75 

|1 75 

1 75 

1 75 

1 75 

1 1 Tn 








EXPENSES TO PHILADELPHIA VIA MAUCH 
CHUNK FOR 1880. 


By railroad.$1 90 in April. 

By boats, re-shipped at Camden. 1 70 “ “ 

By railroad. 1 90 “ May. 

By boats, re-shipped at Camden. 1 70 “ “ 

By railroad. 1 90 “ June. 

By boats, re-shipped at Camden. 1 70 “ “ 

By railroad. 1 90 “ July. 

By boats, re-shipped at Camden. 1 70 “ “ 

By railroad. 1 90 “ August. 

By boats, re-shipped at Camden.. 1 70 “ “ 

By railroad..*... 1 90 “ Septem’r 

By boats, re-shipped at Camden. 1 70 “ “ 

By railroad. 1 90 “ October. 

By boats, re-shipped at Camden. 1 70 “ “ 

By railroad. 1 90 “ Novem’r 

By boats, re-shipped at Camden. 1 70 “ “ 

By railroad. 1 90 “ Decem’r. 

By boats, re-shipped at Camden. 1 70 “ “ 


Five cents additional expense for shipment by boat 
from Camden to Philadelphia. 













































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108 


RATING OF COLLIERIES SHIPPING BY PHILA¬ 
DELPHIA & READING RAILROAD. 

East Mahanoy , Malmnoy and Shamokin, and Mine Hill 
North, District. J. II. OLHAUSEN, Supt. 


Name of Colliery. 


North Star. 

Schuylkill. 

North Mahanoy.... 

Mahanoy City. 

Tunnel Ridge. 

St. Nicholas. 

Coal Run. 

Ellangowan. 

Knickerbocker. 

Bear Run. 

Boston Run. 

Draper. 

Gilberton. 

Furnace. 

Lawrence. 

West Bear Ridge.... 

Colorado. 

Shenandoah. 

William Penn. 

Turkey Run. 

West Shenandoah 

Kohinoor. 

Shenandoah City.. 

Plank Ridge. 

Keely Run. 

Conner. 

Girard Mammoth. 

Cuyler... 

Px’eston, No. 2. 

Continental. 

Centralia. 

Hazel Dell. 

North Ashland. 

Bast . 

Big Mine Run. 

Tunnel . 

Girard. 

Preston, No. 3. 

Reliance. 

Mt. Carmel. 

Monitor. 

Merriam. 

Potts. 

Keystone. 

Locust Spring. 


Name of Operator. 

Date of 
Last 
Rating 

Rated 

Capacity 

Per Day. 

Reynolds, Roberts & Co. 

11, 4,80 

38 

P. & R. C. & I. Co. 

2, 8,81 

70 

ii ii 

4, 30, 78 

113 

ii ii 

3, 7,78 

110 

ii ii 

2, 9,81 

90 

ii ii 

12, 9,79 

111 

Suffolk Coal Co. 

9, 21, 80 

140 

P. & R. C. & I. Co. 

3, 3,80 

240 

ii ii 

11, 8,79 

156 

ii ii 

4, 9,80 

104 

ii ii 

4, 9,80 

102 


10, 29, 80 

no 

P. & R. C. & I. Co. 

4, 8,80 

40 

ii ii 

6, 7, 80 

59 

Lawrence, Merkel & Co. 

4, 20, 80 

141 

Myers, McCreary & Co... 

4, 19, 80 

113 

Pliila. Coal Co. 

10, 17, 78 

150 

ii ii 

10, 18, 78 

144 

Wm. Penn Coal Co. 

3, 16, 80 

210 

P. & R. C. & I. Co. 

4, 7,80 

122 

ii U 

4, 15, 80 

130 

R. Heckscher & Co. 

9, 15, 80 

200 

P. & R. C. & I. Co. 

9, 24, 79 

64 

ii ii 

5, 18, 80 

125 

Thomas Coal Co. 

11, 4,78 

190 

P. & R. C. & I. Co. 

5, 12, 80 

140 

ii ii 

11, 25, 79 

55 

S. M. Heaton & Co. 

3, 4,80 

190 

P. & R. C. & I. Co. 

10, 23, 78 

120 

Lehigh Valley Coal Co... 

10, 21,78 

137 

ii ii ^ ii 

11, 11, 78 

121 

Sykes & Jones. 

11, 1,78 

28 

P. & R. C. & I. Co. 

5, 26, 80 

1&5 

ii ii 

3, 14, 79 

1.50 

J. Taylor & Co. 

1, 21,80 

160 

P. & R. C. & I. Co. 

2, 14, 81 

16 

ii ii 

5, 26, 76 

120 

ii ii 

6, 3,80 

126 

ii ii 

6, 7,80 

126 

Montelius, Robertson Co 

1, 24, 81 

136 

Geo. W. Johns & Bro. 

11, 11,79 

144 

P. & R. C. & I. Co. 

4, 5,80 

125 

ii ii 

4, 9,78 

140 

ii ii 

2, 1,81 

25 

it ii 

5, 17, 80 

132 
































































































109 


Name of Colliery, 


Ben Franklin. 

Enterprise. 

Excelsior. 

Greenback. 

Buck Ridge. 

Big Mountain. 

Bear Vailey. 

Burnside. 

North Franklin, No. 1. 

George Fales. 

Stanton. 

Indian Ridge. 

Elmwood. 

Staffordshire. 

East Bear Ridge. 

Hammond. 

Locust Gap. 

N. Franklin, No. 2. 

Mt. Carmel Shaft. 

Eureka. 

Webster. 

Oakdale. 

Cambridge. 

Stirling. 

Franklin. 

Henry Clay, No. 1. 

Carson. 

Peerless. 

Laurel Ridge. 

Hillside. 

Beechwood. 

Wadesville. 

Monitor. 

Eagle. 

St. Clair. 

Eagle Hill. 

Coal Hill. 

Palmer Vein. 

Pottsville. 

Pine Dale. 


Name of Operator. 


Douty & Baumgardner... 

Enterprise Coal Co. 

Excelsior Coal M’g Co.... 

H. J. Toudy. 

May, Audenried & Co. 

Patterson,Llewellyn&Co 
P. & R. C. & I. Co. 


Miller, Hoch & Co. 
P. & R. C. & I. Co. 


Jones, Ward & Co. 

Myers, McCreary & Co. 

P. & R. C. & I. Co. 

Gi’aeber & Shepp. 

P. & R. C. & I. Co. 


E. Gorman & Co . 

L. S. Baldwin. 

E. L. Powell. 

Cambridge Coal Co. 

Kendrick & Co. 

S. S. Bickel. 

J. Langdon & Co . 

P. Goodwill. 

Cruikshank & Ernes. 

Jno. A. Dutter. 

Smith, Williams & Co. 
P. & R. C. & I. Co. 


Jno. Denning. 

Geo. W. Johns & Bro. 

Jos. Atkinson & Co. 

P. & R. C. & I. Co. 

R. Holahan & Bro. 

Alliance Coal Mining Co 

P. & R. C. & I. Co. 

Louis Lorenz. 


Date of 13 S* % 


±J<X\jK5 Ui 

Last 

Rating. 

Rated 

Capacit 

Per Da’ 

5, 

10, 78 

92 

2, 

10, 81 

157 

11, 

2, 76 

110 

8, 

16, 80 

57 

11, 

16, 78 

114 

5, 

10,80 

166 

10, 

24, 78 

1.55 

5, 

8, 77 

81 

4, 

3, 77 

57 

11, 

26, 79 

52 

4, 

2, 80 

116 

5, 

12,80 

180 

6, 

7, 78 

82 

1, 

20, 80 

20 

4, 

2, 80 

100 

5, 

12,80 

100 

5, 

19, 78 

140 

5, 

25, 80 

112 


13, 80 

200 

10, 

16,78 

21 

10, 

13, 80 

35 

10, 

14, 80 

12 

10, 

8,77 

7 

lb 

26, 79 

117 

1, 

5, 81 

60 

11, 

8, 78 

152 

10, 

24, 78 

25 

9, 

16, 78 

74 

4, 

1,80 

30 

1, 

25, 81 

22 

11, 

18, 79 

90 

12, 

19, 79 

177 

10, 

12, 77 

13 

4, 

24, 78 

74 

10, 

28, 78 

7 

12, 

10, 79 

102 

5, 

20, 78 

9 

5, 

1,76 

61 

12, 

18, 79 

96 

2, 

1,81 

30 

Total .. 

8684 


Tlie facts considered in rating collieries are : 

First .—The number of mine cars that can be produced 
daily and their capacity in tons. 

Second .—The capacity of the engines to hoist the coal 
produced. 

Third .—The capacity of the breaker to prepare the 
coal. 





















































































110 


MINE HILL, SOUTH DISTRICT. 

A. A. Hesser, Supt. 


Name of Colliery. Name of Operator. 


Mine Hill Gap. 

Richardson. 

Glendower. 

Phoenix Park, No. 2. 

Forestville. 

Otto. 

Swatara. 

Middle Creek Shaft. 

East Franklin. 

Thomaston. 

Ellsworth. 

Wolf Creek Big Diamond 

Black Heath. 

Black Mine. 

Wolf Creek Big Diamond 

Phoenix Park, No. 3. 

Wolf Creek. 

Dundas, No. 7. 


P. &. R. C. & I. Co. 

it a 

it it 

it a 

it it 

a it 

» 

a a 

a it 

it n 

a a 

John R. Davis. 

E. Thomas. 

Wm. H. Harris. 

H. A. Moodie & Co. 

James Donahoe. 

P. & R. C. & I. Co. 
Edward Hoskins.... 
Davis & Co. 


Total 


- £ 
s ® 


106 

128 

85 

72 

70 

100 

69 

100 

65 

125 

25 

34 
45 

35 
20 
92 

8 

3 

1182 


SCHUYLKILL AND SUSQUEHANNA, AND LEBA¬ 
NON AND TREMONT BRANCHES. 


II. W Tracy, Supt. 


Name of Colliery. 

Name of Operator. 

Rated 
Capacity 
Per Day. 

Brookside. 

... P. & R. C. & I. Co.. 

450 

Colket. 

a it 

102 

Rausch Creek. 

... Miller, Graeff & Co. 

140 

Lincoln.I. 

... Levi Miller & Co. 

200 

Kalmia,. 

... Phill'ms SheaflFer... 

123 

Total. 

1015 


Per Day. 
































































ANALYTICAL TABLE OF MINERAL FUEL 


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£ o ,rH 

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opqo 


p 

o 

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o 

CO 

I—I 

H 

HH 

P5 

t> 

<1 

PS 

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-H> 

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rt 


iH M M ^ W O t- 00 Ci 


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2 {§ ■ <i 

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-II $ 

O ?-* © 

c5 ©J O 

j2t2 ^ 

<ri © 

p £ 
o- 
GQ w 


hi 

© 


02 

fl 

o 

o 


Lignite. 

G4.00 

5.00 

? 

26.00 

4.00 

Cannel 

Coal. 

LOOrHCO—- 
O* IO © 00 GO 

id ic P co ci 

L- —i 

Splint 

Coal. 

82.924 

5.491 

? 

8.847 

1.128 

Cherry or 
Block coal 

88.025 

5.250 

? 

8.560 

1.549 

Coking 

Coal. 

Cl © © CO 

IO co © © 

© CQ CO CO 

• • O' • • • 

t'- O CO rH 

GO 

An¬ 

thracite. 

© CO CO X 

IO CO ^ IO IO 

C7 CO 07 rH 

© 


s 

© HH 

S o 2P © • 

^ H O b£) I 

^ £.-S X '-S 
oW^C<! 































































112 


Cross Section in the Southern Anthracite Coal 
Field of Pennsylvania. 



Sandrock. 

Gate. 

Little Tracy. 
Tracy. 

Diamond. 


Little Orchard. 
Orchard. 

Primrose. 

Holmes. 

Seven Feet. 
Mammoth. 

Skidmore. 

Buck Mountain. 

Lykens Valley, upp’r 
Lykens Valley, low’r 































































113 


Cross Section Anthracite Coal Measures Nanti- 

coke Basin. 


Red Ash Coal, 4 ft. 6 in. 


Pink Ash Coal, 4 ft. 4 in. 


Gray Ash Coal, 6 ft. 6 in. 
White Ash Coal, 7 ft. 2 in. 

“ “ “ 4 ft. 3in. 
“ “ “ oft. 9in. 


u u u 


u it U 


12 ft. 


4 ft. 8 in. 


Red Ash Coal, 7 ft. 0 in. 
“ “ “ 5 ft. 6 in. 


Total Coal, Gi ft. 8 in. 




Tracy. 


Diamond. 


Orchard. 

Hillman or Primrose. 

Cooper.! Baltimore, or 
Rennet)Mammoth. 


Twin, Top Bench) Skid- 
Twin, Bottom “ / more. 


Ross. 


Buck Mountain. 
Red Ash, Bench. 













114 


Cross Section at Crystal Ridge Colliery, Near 
Hazleton, Pa. 


Mammoth Seam, 33 ft. 


Wharton Seam, 8]4 ft. 


Buck Mt. Seam, 8 ft. 



Dist. from Surface, 75 ft. 


Dist, from Surface, 231 ft. 


Dist. from Surface, 326ft. 


Total Coal, 49 ft. fi in 


Total Depth, 640 ft. 7 in. 

















SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 

To determine the specific gravity of coal, take a small 
piece of coal, suspend it by means of a horse hair from 
the under side of the pan of a carefully adjusted balance, 
and weigh it both in and out of water ; divide its weight 
in the air by the loss of weight in the water, and the quo¬ 
tient is the specific gravity. 

Example: 

A piece of coal weighs say 480 grains. 

Loss of weight when weighed in water, 398 grains. 

Then fff = 1.206, specific gravity of the coal compared 
with water at 1.000. 


The following table gives 
ity of various coals : 

the weight and specific grav- 

Weight Weight 

of a of a 

Name of Coal. 

S. G. 

Cubic 
foot 
in lbs. 

cubic 
yard 
in tons. 

Newcastle Hartley, Eng... 

1.29 ... 

... 80.6 

.972 

Wigan, 4 feet, Eng. 

1.2 ... 

... 75. 

.904 

Portland, Eng. 

1.30 ... 

... 81.2 

.978 

Anthracite, Wales. 

1.39 ... 

... 86.9 

. 1.047 

Eglington, Scotland. 

1.25 ... 

. . 78.1 

.941 

Anthracite, Irish. 

1.59 ... 

... 99.4 

. 1.193 

Anthracite, Penn. 

1.55 ... 

... 96.9 

. 1.167 

Bituminous, “ . 

1.40 ... 

... 87.5 

. 1.054 

Block Coal, Ind. 

1.27 .... 

... 79.4 

.956 

PRODUCE OF 

COAL 

SEAMS. 



A ready way of finding the quantity of available coal 
in a given area of a vein is given by W. Fairley, M. E., 
of England. He takes an acre of coal one inch thick to 
contain 100 tons. This leaves a sufficient margin for 
faults and loss of working, but will only apply to bitu¬ 
minous veins in the United States. Thus : a vein of coal 
twenty four inches thick will yield 2400 tons per acre. 

To ascertain the exact quantity of anthracite or bitumi¬ 
nous coal under a given area—presuming the vein to be of 

























116 


regular thickness and quality throughout—find the spe¬ 
cific gravity; then, as this represents the weight of a 
cubic foot in ounces, it is simply a matter of calculation 
to obtain the gross weight. 


The exact weight of coal 

veins can be got from the 

table below 





Weight in the 

Weight of a cubic foot in 

Specific 

natural bed, per acre, the broken state, in lbs. 

gravity. 

per inch thick, 




in tons. 

Large coal. Small coal. 

1.10 ... 

. 111.411 .. 

. 42.62 ... 

37.12 

1.15 ... 

. 116.475 .. 

. 44.56 ... 

38.81 

1.20 ... 

. 121.540 .. 

. 46.50 ... 

40.50 

1.25 ... 

. 126.604 .. 

. 48.43 ... 

42.18 

1.30 ... 

. 131.668 .. 

. 50.37 ... 

43.87 

1.35 ... 

. 136.732 .. 

. 52.31 ... 

45.56 

1.40 ... 

. 141.796 .. 

. 54.25 ... 

47 25 

1.45 ... 

. 146.860 .. 

. 56.18 ... 

48 93 

1.50 ... 

. 151.925 .. 

. 58.12 ... 

50.62 


The weight of coal in its broken state, that is, as it 
comes to the surface in cars or otherwise, will depend 
on its mechanical structure; it has been ascertained by 
experiments with bituminous coal in England that as 
brought to the surface it weighs, if large, in proportion 
to the solid coal as 62 is to 100, and the weight of the 
small as 54 is to 100. 

If, then, the figures in the second column be multiplied 
by the number of inches any bituminous coal vein is in 
thickness, the result will be the contents per acre in tons. 


SHOWING THE NUMBER OF TONS OF COAL 


UNDER A SQUARE 
THICKNESSES. 


Feet. Tons. 

1 972,320 

2 1,944,640 

3 2,916,960 

4 3,889,280 

5 4,861,600 

6 5,833,920 

7 6,806,240 

8 7,778,560 


MILE AT DIFFERENT 


Feet. Tons. 

9 8,750.880 

10 9,723.200 

20 19,446,400 

30 29,169,600 

40 38,892,800 

50 48.616,000 

60 58,339,200 

70 68,062,400 








































117 


NET PRODUCT OF ANTHRACITE COAL VEINS. 


In making calculations upon the net product—or 
amount of prepared coal that can be shipped from a 
given area of an anthracite coal vein—allowance must 
be made for the refuse in the vein, the loss in mining and 
in preparation. This allowance will vary with the vein, 
and will be far larger in the Mammoth vein than in those 
which are not so thick, and will be greater where all the 
benches of the vein are found together than where it is 
divided into two or more splits. The result of experience 
in the anthracite region appears to be that the larger the 
vein the smaller, proportionally, is the amount of coal 
saved. Samuel Gay, Esq., Mine Inspector for the Potts- 
ville District, in his report for 1879, makes calculations 
upon two collieries located in the eastern portion of the 
Mahanoy District. In each case he estimated the thick¬ 
ness of the vein at 35 feet and allowed 28.5 per cent, for 
slate, refuse, &c. He estimates the loss in breaking down 
or preparation at 15 per cent. In the case of the Stanton 
colliery he found that but 691,297 tons had been saved, 
while 3,292,793 tons had been lost. At the Gilberton 
colliery 3,808,244 tons had been lost in mining and pre¬ 
paration, while the net product was but 1,244,796 tons. 
No reliable figures to represent the percentage that 
should be allowed for loss in mining and preparation can 
be given, as they will vary with every vein and with the 
topographical character of each lease. 

Mr. Joseph S. Harris, Superintendent of the Central Rail¬ 
road of New Jersey, in his report to the Receivers of the 
Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company upon 
the value of their lands, estimates that 27 per cent, of 
the contents of the whole of all the veins on the com¬ 
pany’s estate is all that can be shipped. This, in the 
opinion of most authorities, is too small an estimate, and 
in it there is certainly no allowance made for improve¬ 
ments on the present system of mining. The figures 
given above evidence that there is ample room for im¬ 
provement in our methods of mining anthracite coal. 


118 


MINING NOTES. 


PROSPECTING. 

For prospecting mineral land and sinking artesian, salt 
and other wells, the diamond-pointed drilling machines 
of the Pennsylvania Diamond Drill Company, of Potts- 
ville, Pa., and of the American Diamond Rock Boring 
Company, of New York,—both companies are interested 
in the same patents,—have superseded all other systems 
of drilling. In prospecting results wholly unattainable 
otherwise are accomplished. In hard or soft measures 
cores for the whole distance bored, whether perpendicular 
or horizontal, are secured. These are in the form of solid 
cylinders, showing clearly the stratification and mineral 
passed through, the size and quality of the veins, &c., 
thus furnishing valuable information in making contracts 
for shafting or tunnelling. The samples of mineral se¬ 
cured are not pieces of disintegrated vein matter, but 
peifect sections of the one body or seam, which can be 
labeled and preserved for future reference. * 

The average progress made in prospecting in the An¬ 
thracite coal region is from 50 to 100 feet *per week, in¬ 
cluding all delays due to drawing core from holes, &c. 
In the bituminous region the average progress made is 
from 75 to 125 feet per week. Holes have been put down 
2100 feet, the original size of hole being preserved to the 
bottom, and it is claimed that the limit of depth that can 
be reached has not as yet been found. 

Artesian wells are put down much more rapidly with 
these drills than by any other method, and, as the holes 
are round and straight, it is claimed for them that they 
are better for pumps if pumps are required, and for water 
if a flowing well is struck. 


SHAFTING AND TUNNELING. 

Power drills driven by steam or compressed air are 
superseding hand-drilling in rock work. Much more 
rapid progress can be made with them and at less cost. 



119 


Compressed air is the preferable motor, as it can be car¬ 
ried for great distances without any considerable loss of 
power, and in many localities it is difficult to get rid of 
the exhaust steam. Then the working of the drill with 
compressed air affords a supply of pure fresh air that is 
frequently a very important desideratum. 

Steel pointed rock drills are operated upon the “ per¬ 
cussion ” or “blow” principle, while the diamond-pointed 
drills are borers. With the diamond drills sinking by 
the long hole process has been very successfully con¬ 
ducted in the anthracite region. At the East Norwegian 
shafts, near Pottsville, which are down 1600 feet, the 
best drilling was 79 feet in 12 hours, and the best blasting 
80 feet per month. 

The steel-pointed or “percussion” drills are exten¬ 
sively used in sinking, driving, and all kinds of drilling 
in mines, and for quarry and railroad work. For surface 
work they are mounted on tripods, for shafting or tunnel¬ 
ing on bars or columns securely fastened against the 
sides or top and bottom of the work, or are mounted on 
wagons adapted for the purpose. 

In the following results, claimed to have been attained 
by the different drills, it should be remembered that they 
cannot be accepted as evidence of superiority over each 
other, because we do not know that the pressure of com¬ 
pressed air or steam used, the character of the rock, and 
all the circumstances attending the trials, were the same 
in all cases. 

The Ingersoll “Eclipse” Rock Drills are made of six 
sizes. They are made to drill holes from three-quarters 
of an inch to six inches in diameter. In the tunnel under 
West Point, size 24 feet by 26 feet, in trap rock, these 
drills are used, and a progress of 139 feet w as made in one 
month, although four shifts were lost for holidays. In a 
drift 4 by 6 feet in the Comstock, Nevada, through mod¬ 
erately hard porphyry, with one of these drills, a progress 
of 160 feet per month was made. Outside of the Coin- 
stock 100 feet is claimed as a fair progress for two 
drills. A saving of 50 per cent, ovei* hand drilling is 
claimed. There are over 3,000 of these drills in use, and 
they are giving excellent satisfaction wherever employed. 

The Burleigh Rock Drill is made in seven sizes, ranging 
in -weight from 220 to 1000 pounds, and to drill holes from 
1 to 5 inches in diameter. With the Stoper drill of this 


120 


make a hole 1^ inch diameter, 13J inches deep was bored in 
one minute , 70 lbs. steam. Rock, hard granite. In a con¬ 
glomerate rock, from Dakota, so hard as to cut glass, a 
hole 5J inches in depth was made in five minutes. In the 
harbor of New York (Hell Gate) a 120 foot hole was 
made in a day. At the Sutro tunnel, Nevada, with 
these drills, a progress of 350 feet to 400 feet per month 
in an 8-foot by 10-foot heading was made. A saving 
of 50 per cent, over hand labor is claimed. 

The Rand Little Giant Rock Drill is made in six sizes, 
ranging in weight from 150 to 900 pounds, and to drill 
holes from \ inch to 4 inches in diameter. It is claimed 
for this make of drills that as much progress can be made 
with them as with any other, and at as proportionally 
great saving over hand drilling. 

The Bryer Rock Drill is made in five sizes, ranging in 
weight from 150 to 400 pounds, and to drill holes from 1£ 
to 4 inches in diameter. This drill has, in hard granite, 
drilled a 2-inch hole inches per minute ; in amygdaloid, 
8 feet per hour ; and in slate 4 inches per minute. 

The National Rock Drill is made in five sizes, ranging 
in weight from 150 to 600 pounds, and to drill holes from 
11 inches to 3| inches in diameter. With this drill, in the 
Perkiomen Tunnel, a saving of two-thirds on hand drill¬ 
ing was claimed. 

The Johnson Rock Drill. With this drill a hole 4 inches 
deep has been put in Quincy granite in 1 minute, and 11 
inches in 4 minutes. In Vermont marble a H inch bit 
penetrated 9 inches in 4 minutes. At the Duncan mine, 
in 16 hours, the Johnson Drill has penetrated 60 feet in 
mixed rock, diorite, quartz, mundic, &c. 


HAULAGE. 

There has been but little experience in this country * 
with the various systems of haulage, such as endless 
chain, tail-rope, &c., that are employed in Great Britain 
to cheapen the cost of the inside movement of coal. 
The mine locomotives lately introduced here, however, 
are much more economical than mule power, and, if it 
were not for the deleterious gases they generate, would 
be used wherever the size of the openings would permit 
and the length of the hauls make them advantageous. 



121 


Carbonic oxide gas is a result of combustion, and is pro¬ 
duced by the mine locomotive It is very destructive to 
animal life, and some very serious accidents have already 
been traced to it where it has been generated in this way. 
Mine locomotives should only be used in gangways that 
are return airways, as in no case should men be compelled 
to breathe air which has been fouled by a locomotive. 


SHAFTING AND TUNNELING. 

The cost of shafting and tunneling, of course, varies 
with the strata. A shaft through conglomerate, such as 
overlies the Mammoth vein in the Anthracite Region, 15 
by 25 feet in area, will cost about $200 per yard. Through 
the same strata, a tunnel 8 by 9 feet can be driven, with 
the use of the present explosives, for $50 per yard. Slopes 
timbered with bottom and top sills 20 feet long, legs 14 
feet high, with timber 5 feet from centre to centre, can 
be sunk in the anthracite region, if there is not too much 
water, for about $40 per yard. 


PROPORTION OF PILLARS TO OPENINGS. 

In the following table, the weight thrown upon pillars 
at different depths by the removal of different propor¬ 
tions of coal is given. 

Depth Weight on Pillars, the proportion to mine got being 


of 

r - 









seam 

90 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

in 

per 

per 

per 

per 

per 

per 

per 

per 

per 

feet 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 


Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 


per 

per 

per 

per 

per 

per 

per 

per 

per 


sq. in. 

sq. in. sq. in. sq.m. sq.m, sq.in.sq.in. 

sq.in. 

sq. in. 

100 

Ill 

125 

142 

166 

200 

250 

-333 

500 

1,000 

500 

555 

625 

710 

830 

1,000 

1,250 

1,665 

2,-500 

5,000 

1,000 

1,111 

1,250 

1,428 

1,666 

2,000 

2,-500 

3,333 

5,000 

10,000 

1,500 

1,666 

1,875 

2,138 

2,496 

3,000 

3,750 

4,998 

7,500 

15,000 

2,000 

2,222 

2,-500 

2,9-56 

3,333 

4,000 

5,000 

6,666 



3,000 

3,333 

3,750 

4,384 

4,999 

6,000 

7,500 




4,000 

4,444 

5,000 

5,912 

6,666 

8,000 





5,000 

5,5-55 

6,2-50 

7,340 




. 



10,000 

11,111 

12,500 

































122 


In his “Winning and Working of Collieries,” Mr. Dunn, 
of England, gives the following scale for first working, 
with the design of afterwards taking out the pillars, the 
width of the principal workings being 5 yards, and cross 
holings 2 yards. This will apply to bituminous workings 


only. 






Fathoms 

Size of pillars 

Proportion 

Fathoms 

Size of pillars 

Proportion 

deep. 

in yards. 

in pillars. 

deep. 

in yards. 

iD pillars. 

20 ... 

20 by 5 

... .41 

180 ... 

26 by 14 

... .69 

40 ... 

20 “ 6 

... .50 

200 ... 

26 “ 16 

... .71 

60 ... 

22 “ 7 

... .52 

220 ... 

18 “T8 

... .73 

80 ... 

22 “ 8 

... .57 

240 ... 

28 “ 20 

... .75 

100 ... 

22 “ 9 

... .59 

260 ... 

30 “ 21 

... .77 

120 ... 

22 “12 

... .61 

280 ... 

30 “ 22£ 

... .78 

140 ... 

26 “15 

... .68 

800 ... 

30 “ 24 

... .79 

160 ... 

28 “16 

... .66 

M. Wear 
mouth, 

40 “ 29 

... .80 














123 


VENTILATION. 


The quantity of air necessary to ensure sufficient ven¬ 
tilation in a mine has been variously estimated by the 
following authorities : 

Mr. Herbert Mack worth : A minimum of 100 cubic 
feet per minute for each man and boy, for sanitary pur¬ 
poses alone, where there is no escape of fire-damp, and 
little of any other mineral gas. 

Mr. Hedley: From 100 to 500 cubic feet per minute 
for each collier. 

Mr. J. K. Blackwell : From 250 to 500 cubic feet per 
minute for each collier. 

Mr. Matthias Dunn : The minimum quantity of fresh 
air for the most harmless of pits, ought to be from 10,000 
to 15,000 cubic feet per minute. 

Mr. T. J. Taylor : In a mine yielding no fire-damp, 
with from 120 to 130 persons employed, a current of 20,000 
to 30,000 feet per minute, properly conveyed up to the 
face of the workings, and made to sweep the districts in 
which the people are employed. In fiery mines a much 
greater quantity. 

Mr. Warrington W. Smyth : In round numbers 100 
cubic feet of air per minute may be required for the 
health and comfort of each person underground ; but if 
fire-damp be given off, say at the rate of 200 cubic feet 
per minute, we should need, at the very least, thirty times 
that amount of fresh air to dilute it, or 6000 cubic feet 
in addition. 

Professor Phillips : In most of the fiery mines an 
average of 600 cubic feet per minute per collier is circu¬ 
lated ; and nearly 200 cubic feet per minute for each acre 
of waste. 

For all anthracite mines nearly double the above esti¬ 
mates should be allowed, because of the much greater 
volume of powder smoke due to the large amount of 
blasting that is done. 

The Mine Ventilation Act for the Anthracite Region of 
Pennsylvania provides for 66 cubic feet of pure air per 
minute for each man working. All authorities agree in 
declaring this amount inadequate. 


.J 



124 


FRICTION OF AIR IN MINES. 

In speaking of ventilation, it must be remembered that 
air is like all other material bodies. When it is at rest, 
it takes pressure or power to move it, and when it is 
once in motion, it would keep in motion if it was not for 
friction acting on it like a brake. Air rubbing against 
the sides of the mine is affected the same as a sled rub¬ 
bing against the ground. In thus rubbing against the 
sides of a mine air is governed by certain laws. The fol¬ 
lowing is a plain manner in which to present these laws 
or principles. . 

The resistance increases with the length it has to run. 
To illustrate this principle, take a fan-pipe 12 by 12 inches 
square ; then get a log of timber 11 by 11 inches square 
and 6 feet long ; put it in the pipe and attach a steelyard 
to it. We find that it takes a pound of power to move 
it. If we now take a piece of timber of the same size 12 
feet long, and place it in the pipe, we will find that it 
takes double the amount of power to move it. If the; 
timber were three times as long, it would take three 
times the power, &c., so long as the velocity or speed 
continued the same. Air is controlled by the same law, 
because if we double or treble the length of the air col¬ 
umn, we double or treble the weight to be moved and 
the surface to be moved over, and therefore double or 
treble the resistance and power. 



10 


15 






10 

A=100 10 

5 

A = 75 

5 


10 


15 





Take the two airways outlined above. The area of the 
one is three-fourths of the other, for one is 100 and the 
other is 75, but the perimeter or rubbing surface is = for 
= lengths. If we employed one pound on the square 
foot of the 100-foot airway to put a given quantity of air 
into circulation, and want to put the same power on the 
75-foot airway, we would have to put on 1£ pounds to the 
square foot to overcome the same rubbing surface, the 
velocity in both being equal; because both airways have 
the same rubbing surface for the same length, it will take 
the same total pressure to maintain the same velocity. 
To obtain the same total pressure on the 75 as upon the 






125 


100, we must have for one on the 100-foot airway one 
and one-thiid on the 75-foot airway; so we require one- 
third more pressure on the foot of the small one than we 
do on the large one to secure the same speed. Again, at 
the same speed or velocity, the one would give say 12,000 
cubic feet of air, and the other 9,000 feet, so that one 
and one-third pounds pressure on the small airway only 
gives three-fourths of what one pound of pressure gives 
on the large one. 

The resistance in the same airway varies, that is, in¬ 
creases or decreases in the same proportion that the 
square of the velocity increases or decreases. If we 
double our speed or quantity of air, we have to put four 
times the pressure on each square foot, because if we 
put twice as much through as we did before, we make a 
column twice the length rub against the airway in a given 
time. This will require a double pressure, and this double 
column is also made to strike these resistances with a 
double momentum or shock or force. Again, the double 
meeting of the resistance being doubled by the double 
momentum or force, makes four times the resistance for 
double the quantity of air. Again, if we want four times 
the quantity of air, we want four times the speed, and 
get four times the length of column to rub against our 
airway in a minute or second, and each length of the 
four striking with four times the force, makes 4 X 4 or 
16 times the resistance, and, of course, would need 16 
times the pressure per square foot to overcome it. 

The quantity of air varies as the square of the pres¬ 
sure, and as the cube of the power. 

Example. 

Suppose 90,000 feet of air per minute is obtained by a 
20-horse power engine. To double the quantity of air 
would require a 160-horse power engine, or 
2x2x2= 8, 
and 20x8=160, 
or the cube of the power. 

To treble the quantity of air would require 
3x3x3= 27, 
and 20x27=540, 
or the cube of the power. 

On this subject the following data have been given by 
Mr. J. J. Atkinson: 


126 


• 

The pressure required to overcome the friction of air 
increases and decreases in exactly the same proportion 
that the area or extent of the rubbing surface exposed to 
the air increases or decreases; so that when the velocity of 
the air and the sectional area of the air-way remain the 
same, the pressure required to overcome the friction is 
proportioned to the area and extent of the rubbing sur¬ 
face exposed to it. The rubbing surface depends on the 
perimeter of the air-way, and upon its length. 

The friction of air or gas in passing through the same 
pipe or air-way varies as the density of the gas or air 
varies; but in the air-ways of coal mines the air has 
always nearly one and the same density. 

The pressures employed to ventilate mines are com¬ 
monly reckoned at so much per square foot of area, and 
not by the entire pressure employed, which is equal to 
the area in square feet X the pressure per square foot of 
sectional area of air-way. 

The pressure required to overcome the friction in the 
same air-way varies in the same proportion that the 
square of the velocity of the air varies, increasing or de¬ 
creasing accordingly. 

It seems probable that for every foot of rubbing surface, 
and for a velocity in the air of 1000 feet per minute, the 
friction is equal to 0‘26881 ft. of air column of the same 
density as the flowing air, which is equal to a pressure, 
with air at 32 degrees, of 0‘0217 lbs. per square foot of 
area of section. Calling this the co-efficient of friction, 
we have the following rules with respect to the friction 
of air in mines moving along level passages of the same 
area. 

Let a — size of airway in square feet. 

“ h — horse-power of ventilation. 

“ k — co-efficient of friction. 

“ l — length of airway or channel. 

“ o = perimeter of airway or channel. 

“ p — pressure in pounds per square foot of section. 
“ q — quantity of air circulating in cubic feet per 
minute. 

“ s — area in square feet of rubbing surface exposed 
to current. 

“ u — units of work, foot, pounds or power, applied 
to circulate air. 

“ v = velocity of the air in feet per minute. 

“ w — water gauge in inches. 


127 


The co-efficient (k) can be used as follows: .021 r 
per square foot of area for every square foot of 
surface exposed to the air current at a velocity 
lineal feet per minute, or .0000000217 pounds for a 
of one foot per minute or 

Formula: 


A k 8 v 2 pa k sv 2 a k sv 3 

1. a = - = -=-*==-: 

p p u p v 

u _ qp 


2 . h 


33000 33000 


pa u JL _®Jt 

3- * - . ,, 2 - . 3 -• ° 2 - * ® 2 


u _ q 

p v 1 


4.0= T 


5. p 


ksv 


pa _ ksv 3 

a q 


=—=5.2 w. 
av 


6 . p a= ksv 2 \ 2 ks =^L. 

\'ks / v 


Q = 


p a 
kv 2 


u 

P 

u 

kv 


ksv 


V p 


vp a 


9 . u = q p = v p a = 


p 

qp _ 

k v 3 kv 
k s v 2 q 
a 


k s 






=k s v 3 =qo.2w- 


10 . © 

11 . v 


U_ == 1_ == {IjL ==: \I^- %]P* 

pa a ' ks ' ks ' ks 



u q p 

12. © 3 = -7- = q 


ks k s 
ksv 2 
~a~ v 

13 - W = X2 = 52 


v p a 
k s 


l pounds 
rubbing 
of 1,000 
velocity 



ks 


a 


-h 33000 








128 


These formula comprise the pressure referrable to the 
resistence offered by the mine, but not that necessary to 
produce velocity; therefore they are more correct for long 
than short passages. The pressure required for the final 
velocity becomes a smaller fraction of the whole drag as 
the airways are extended. If it is required to take into 
account the pressure required to create velocity, instead 
of using p , use p—p v ; p v being the pressure required 
to produce the final velocity. In this case 


Instead of using a 


7cSV 2 


p 


p a— 7c s v 2 


substitue-^ 

p—P 

“ a (p — P) = 7csv 2 


U U 


7c sv 2 
a 


n 7csv 

p—P— -or 

a 


Q Tcsv 2 _ 


p a {p — P) a 

s = 7 —substitute -;—~— 

7c v 2 7c v 2 


V Tcs V 7c 8 ■ 

The co-efficient varies with the nature of the rubbing 
surface, and consequently may be different in the differ¬ 
ent air-passages of the same mine. The following plan 
may be adopted for ascertaining the friction of air in a 
passage. Place a gutta-perclia tube of small section 
along the portion of the gallery the friction of which it 
is desired to know ; close the end of the tube fixed oppo¬ 
site to the current, and place a water-guage on the closure, 
and the instrument will then show the difference of pres¬ 
sure at the two extremities of the tube. Then the water- 
gauge multiplied by 5.2 = p in pounds. 









129 


FURNACE VENTILATION. 

The power obtained by furnace ventilation depends 
upon the depth of the upcast, and the difference of tem¬ 
perature between it and the downcast. The weight of a 
cubic foot of air is found as follows : 

1.32529 B 
459 + t. 

The motive column is the length of a column of air in 
the upcast, the weight of which is equal to the difference 
of the weight in the two shafts; and if by t and t 2 is re¬ 
presented the temperatures of the downcast and upcast 
shafts respectively, then the motive column = 

Depth of upcast X . 

40J -f- t x 

All other things being equal the amount of ventilation 
depends on the square root of the depth of the shaft. 


MECHANICAL VENTILATION. 

The Guibdl fan is more popular in England than any 
other, there being over 200 of these machines at present 
working. At Pemberton, England, there is a fan of this 
description 46 feet diameter and 15 feet wide, producing 
a ventilation of 200,000 feet with three inches of water- 
gauge. These fans are also very popular in this country, 
and Messrs. Coxe & Co., of Drifton, Luzerne county, 
have incased several which they have recently erected 
with strong wrought iron casing, so that if any part of 
the machinery gets on fire from the journals overheating, 
there will be no danger of the structure burning down, 
as has been the case with fans incased in wood. 

The Waddle Ventilating Fan stands next in favor in the 
old country; it is, like the Guibal, a centrifugal machine, 
but not being so wide has to run at a great velocity. 




130 


Cooke's Ventilator is a displacement machine, consist¬ 
ing of eccentric cylindrical drums and shutters, which 
seal the outlet while the air is being drawn from the mine. 
According to experiments recorded in a paper on “Me¬ 
chanical Ventilation,” by Mr. W. Daniel, M. Inst. M. E., 
of England, the useful effect of two machines varied from 
58} to 64 per cent, of the indicated liorse-power of the 
engines. If indicator diagrams had been taken, showing 
the loss on the engine due to friction, the useful effect 
must have been more. 

Boot's Ventilator is a displacement machine. Accord¬ 
ing to Mr. E. Hamer Carbutt, Vice-President, Inst. M. E., 
of England, the useful effect is given at 51.40 to 76.85 
per cent. 

The Lemielle Fan is a displacement machine placed in a 
chamber of masonry, communicating on one side with 
the upcast shaft, and on the other with the external at¬ 
mosphere. In this chamber a drum revolves, which is 
placed eccentrically; at equal distances three vertical 
shutters are hinged to the drum, the outer edges of which 
are kept close to the walls of the chambers by the rods 
which radiate from, and revolve at their centres, upon, 
the fixed shaft. 

The Champion Ventilator, patented by F. Murphy, C. 
E., of Streetor, Ill., is a centrifugal machine. A double 
fan working on one shaft is used, and the casing is so ar¬ 
ranged that it can be converted from an exhauster to a 
blower, or vice versa , without stopping or changing the 
motion of the fans. The case consists of three vertical, 
box-like compartments. The two side compartments are 
of equal size, and are narrower than the central one, 
which is a receiving chamber through which all the air 
passes on its way to the fans. The two side compart¬ 
ments contain the fans and are so arranged that the air 
can be led either into the open air or down the mine-shaft 
at will. A 4}-foot fan of this, make at Springbrooke col¬ 
liery, Yorktown, will exhaust about 25,000 cubic feet per 
minute, running at 400 revolutions; water gauge }-inch. 

The following table, from the French of M. Ponson, 
gives the results of a series of experiments with various 
mechanical ventilators: 


•(a)! 

OJ (a) jo OTJKH 

eo oo cs oq <m Qotoiacct'O^ ~ co x t~ 

M'n'occto^ oioi oi -r »ri t -r ub cqcqcqcicioi uc >.co -r cc co 

•a h ni (a) 

jno U9AlS .I0AVOa 

20.99 

7.00 

27.10 

112.00 

41.50 

58.79 

5.30 

17.28 

14.58 

40.00 

24.40 

75.24 

70.06 

98.84 

62.90 

5.00 

7.59 

12.87 

7.69 

2.03 

5.94 

8.60 

11.40 

25.75 

16.81 

125.80 

129.75 

Ratio of the Pow¬ 
er to the Resist¬ 
ances produced. 

•91XSSII 

jo Ajiooi 
-9 a 9qj 


: o co o : : : 

: cica • . • 

: oi ■*t co : : : 



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-X9 aqj Ag 




.402 

.317 

•S9dxd 
9TJJ UI UOIJ 
-01.IJ Ag 


.380 

.170 

.174 


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Name of Colliery. 

mps: 

Esperance. 

Mariliaye. 

Montceau Fontaine 
Rower Duflryn. 

Uisp.n, 

Cwm Avon. 

Grand Hornu. 

Bayemont. 

Bois D’Epinois. 

Framwellgate Moor 

St. Placide . 

Staveley. 

Ppltrm 

i 

High Park . 

Sauwartan . 

Tricukaizin . 

Reunion . 

Vivier . 

Grand Bac . 

Val Benoit . 

Gouffre . 

Aiseau . 

Lou vi ere . 

Belle et Bonne . 

Bois du Boussu . 

Page Bank . 

Description of 
Ventilator. 

Reciprocating Air Pu 

Piston Machine . 

Devaux . 

Maliaut . 

Nixon . 

St.rnvA 

a 

Centrifugal Fans: 

('ombes (curved vanes) 
Letoret (flat vanes) . 

U 

i Rammell . 

Guibal . 

“ 

i i 

a 

r— 

7 

£ 

U 

Archimedian Screws: 
Motte . 

ti 

Pasquet . 

ii 

Lesoinne . 

44 

Rotary Pumps : 

Fabry (3 teeth) . 

“ (2 teeth) . 

44 44 

Lemielle . 

44 

44 



















































































































































































MEASUREMENT OF VENTILATION. 


Three methods have been employed for the purpose of 
ascertaining the velocities of the currents and the quan¬ 
tities of air circulating in mines. They are fully de¬ 
scribed in a paper by Messrs. Atkinson and Daglisli, read 
at the Birmingham Meeting of the North of England 
Institute of Mining Engineers, 1861. They are : 

1. Traveling at the same velocity as the current and noting 
the distance passed over in a unit of time. —This was a very 

primitive mode, but no doubt when used it gave a fair 
approximation to the truth ; for recent experiments have 
proved that it admitted of great accuracy for velocities 
up to 400 feet per minute. It was open to many objec¬ 
tions, -and would be utterly unsuited to the large mines 
now existing, since it would be impossible to walk as 
quickly as the currents travel in the principal splits, and 
running is not a sufficiently steady pace for the purpose. 
The process was as follows : Choice was made of a part 
of the gallery forming the airway, having as uniform 
sectional dimensions'as could be found, and, after meas¬ 
uring off a distance of a hundred or a hundred and fifty 
yards in length, the operator took a lighted candle, and 
walked in the direction of the current, fully exposing the 
flame to its influence, but taking care to move at such a 
rate that the flame would burn in an upright position 
withont being deflected from the vertical either by the 
current or by the progress of the person carrying it. 
The time required to traverse the distance measured off 
being carefully noted by a seconds’ watch, the average 
rate of walking was thereby determined, and three or 
four trials served to give the assumed velocity of the air- 
current. This, multiplied by the average sectional area 
of the part of the airway selected for experiment, was 
taken to represent the quantity of air passing in the unit 
of time. 

2. Determining from observation the rate at which small 
floating particles are carried along by the current , and as¬ 
suming their velocities to be identical with that of the air- 
current itself. 

Until recently, observations of the velocity of the smoke 
from an exploded charge of gunpowder, in a part of the 
gallery of nearly uniform sectional area, were the means 


133 


most generally adopted in the coal mines of this country 
for ascertaining the velocity of air-currents. They are 
still considerably used, and, so far as regards shaft ve¬ 
locities, they remain the only method. For this purpose 
an even part of the road should be selected, about 50 to 
60 feet in length, and its cubical contents in feet ascer¬ 
tained. Then let off a flash of gunpowder at the wind¬ 
ward end of the channel, and observe the number of 
seconds the smoke is in passing to the other end. Then 
say, as the time (in seconds) in passing is to the cubic 
area, so is 60 seconds to the number of cubic feet passing 
per minute. 

Example : Length of channel selected, 60 feet; height, 
5£ feet; width 6 feet; time in passing, 4 seconds. What 
is the amount of air ? 

60 X X 6 — 1980 cubic area ; and 
As 4 : 1980 :: 60 : 29,700 cubic feet per minute. 

Messrs. Atkinson and Daglish have shown by experi¬ 
ments that this process is subject to various sources of 
error, viz : 


CAUSE. 

(1). The expansion of the 
whole column of air, by 
the addition to it of the 
results of the combus¬ 
tion of gunpowder, and 
by the heat developed 
(of slight magnitude). 


EFFECT. 

Tending to increase apparent ve¬ 
locity owing to two causes, viz:— 

(1) . The conversion of a small por¬ 
tion of solid gunpowder into gas. 

(2) . The further expansion of this 
owing to the high temperature of 
ignition. 


(2). The explosive force of (Tending to increase the apparent 
gunpowder (of consider-^ velocity, and can be avoided with 
able magnitude). ( care. 


(3). Diffusion or deposi- f Tending to decrease very consid- 
tion of the smoke. \ erably the apparent velocity. 


(4). Eddies and currents. (Giving rise to serious irregularities, 
;5). The density of the^ materially affecting the accuracy 
smoke. ( of the results. 


By the use of fixed quantities and distances, and the 
avoidance of extreme velocities, an approximation to ac¬ 
curacy may be obtained. To secure this, the following 
precautions are recommended : 


(a). Always to use one cubic inch of gunpowder as a 
standard. 



134 


(6). The velocity of the current never to be less than 
100 feet per minute, nor to exceed 500 feet per minute. 
In order to attain this, a gallery of such area must be 
selected as will afford this velocity of current. 

(c). The time not to be less than 12 seconds, nor to ex¬ 
ceed 30 seconds. 

(cZ). To explode the gunpowder ten feet to the wind¬ 
ward of the first mark. 

Therefore, in slow currents of from 100 to 250 feet per 
minute velocity, the distance to be taken over which the 
smoke passes w ill be 50 feet; and for the higher veloci- 
cities, of from 250 to 500 feet, the distance will be in¬ 
creased to 100 feet. 

3. By using the Anemometer .—This apparatus is of va¬ 
rious forms and may be divided into three classes. 

(а) . Those having vanes or wands made to revolve by 
the current of air impinging upon them, the rate at which 
they revolve being indicated by pointers on dials forming 
a part of the instrument. They include Combe’s, Biram’s, 
Whewel’s, Osier’s and Robinson’s. 

(б) . Instruments which are affected by the force or im¬ 
pulse of the wind, without being subjected to any con¬ 
tinuous revolving motion. These include Dr. Lind’s, 
Henaut’s, Bougier’s and Dickinson’s anemometers. 

(c). Those of a more complex character, such as Leslie’s. 

Biram’s anemometer is in general use in this country. 
Each revolution of the vanes, which is registered on the 
dial plate, corresponds to one foot in the linear motion 
of the air. Then if we multiply the velocity per minute 
by the sectional area of the channel in which the ane¬ 
mometer is placed, we have the number of cubic feet of 
air passing per minute. 

The following is a table of experiments made by In¬ 
spector T. D. Jones, of the South District of Luzerne 
and Carbon counties, in No. 3 slope, Nesquehoning, for 
the purpose of showing the comparative degrees of ac¬ 
curacy of the three modes of measuring air-currents 
above described. The anemometer used was a Biram. 


135 



Gunpowder Smoke. 

Walking. 

Anemometer used 

Equal 

distance. 

Equal 

times. 

Equal 

distances. 

Biram. 

50 Ft. 

200 Ft. 

20 Sec. 

50 Ft. 

200 Ft. 

RS. 

True 

velocities 
calculated 
by formu¬ 
la V= 97 r 
+ 40. 

A B. 

CD. 

EF. 

KL. 

MN. 


Feet a 

Feet a 

Feet a 

Feet a 

Feet a 

Revol. 

Feet a 

1 

min. 

min. 

min. 

min. 

min. 

a min. 

min. 

2"'** 

136 

143 

132 

158 

158 

82 

139 

3* • • * 

158 

156 

150 < 

171 

169 

110 

166 

4 ,.... 

160 

156 

156 

143 

174 

113 

169 

A 

ff* # * * 

207 

177 

186 

193 

203 

155 

210 

©•••• 

200 

207 


193 

202 

157 

212 

?•••• 

214 

224 


222 

230 

165 

220 


231 

245 


231 

249 

200 

254 

231 

232 


231 

251 

197 

251 

Ave.. 

192 

192 


193 

204 


203 


In calculating the velocities in the table in feet per 
minute, the fractional part of a foot was disregarded 
when it did not exceed one-half of a foot lineal. 

To measure air-currents correctly with the anemometer, 
we should take a straight passage for measurement, as 
at a curve the current goes to the outside of the circle. 
Take it on both sides near the top and bottom. Add to¬ 
gether the different results, and divide them by the num¬ 
ber of measurements, and the result will be the average 
velocity of the current. 

Examples. 

Suppose we waiit to measure an airway of the following 
shape : 



6 











































136 


We find the height six feet and the bottom five feet; 
then 6 X 2^ or 6 X 2.5 == 15.0 feet. Suppose we find the 
velocity on the anemometer to be 300 feet per minute ; 
then 15 X 300 = 4500 feet of air per minute, or more 
300 V 96 

correctly, ^--y—= 288 -f 40 X15 = 4920, which is the 

rule given by Biram for his anemometer. 

Suppose we have a 10-horse power forcing-fan deliver¬ 
ing 20,000 cubic feet per minute at the inside end of a 
monkey gangway when the latter is 800 yards from the 
fan, and suppose we drive on the monkey till it is 1300 
yards from the fan, and we want to get 20,000 cubic feet 
to that point. How much more power will be required ? 

800 : 10 :: 1300 : 16*25 and 16*25 10=6£ H P more. 


TO FIND THE AREA OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF 
AIRWAYS. 


base X height = area. 




£ base X height = area. 




? sum of two parallel sides X 
height = area. 


C diameter X 3.1416 = circumference, 
circumference 


o 

o 


-: diameter. 

3.1416 

diameter 2 X .1854 = area, 
side of = square = diameter X .8862, 












137 


Formula for determining the quantity of air by the 
thermometer :—Temperature of air (t) on the outside of 
current being very accurately taken, raise the tempera¬ 
ture of the thermometer 10° above t, and then observe 
the number of seconds s which elapse while the ther¬ 
mometer exposed to the free current of air cools to 5° of 
the 10°, then 

£ 

—- = feet per second velocity, 
s 


c being a constant peculiar to the instrument; in one case, 
for example, it was 16,0( 0. Let the bulb be very clear. 

The Water-Gauge is used to ascertain the “drag” or 
resistance to the air in a mine. The resistance is found 
by taking the difference of density between the in-take 
and return air. This may be done by placing the water- 
gauge through a door erected in a passage connecting the 
road along which the fresh air is entering the mine and 
the road by which the foul air is returning. The glass 
tube being open at each extremity, the difference of the 
water-level in the two branches of the tube represents 
the difference of density of the intake and return air. 
The weight of a square foot of water one inch deep 
equals 5.2 lbs. ; therefore, for every inch there is in 
difference between the two branches of the tube there 
will be 5.2 lbs. of ‘‘drag” or resistance to each square 
foot of the airway; and to find the horse-power of 
the ventilation, multiply the quantity of air passing per 
minute by the “drag,” and again by 5.2, and divide by 
33,000. 


Example. 

What is the horse-power expended when the ventila¬ 
ting current measures 30,000 cubic feet per minute, and 
the water-gauge is 0.65? 

30,000 X 0.65 X 5.2 
33,000 


3.07 H. P. 



138 


NOTE ON THE WATER-GAUGE AND THE QUAN¬ 
TITY OF AIR CIRCULATING. 

The quantity of air passing in a mine is according to 
the square root of the water-gauge, which is the measure 
of the pressure of the ventilation in force. The follow¬ 
ing figures give the square root of the water-gauge for 
every one-tentli of an inch from half an inch to three 
inches, and the quantity of air that will pass for each 
height of the water-gauge, supposing 10,000 cubic feet 
pass when it stands at one inch, the air-courses remaining 
in the same condition : 


W. G. 

Square root 

Quan¬ 

W. G. 

Square root 

Quan¬ 


of W. G. 

tity. 


of W. G. 

tity. 

.5 

.7071 

7,071 

1.8 

1.3416 

13,416 

.6 

.7745 

7,745 

1.9 

1.3784 

13,784 

.7 

.8366 

8,366 

2. 

1.4142 

14,142 

.8 

.8944 

8,944 

2 1 

1.4491 

14,491 

.9 

.9486 

9,486 

2.2 

1.4832 

14,832 

i. 

1 . 

10,000 

2.3 

1.5165 

15,165 

1.1 

1.0488 

10,488 

2.4 

1.5491 

15,491 

1.2 

1.0954 

10.954 

2.5 

1.5811 

15,811 

1.3 

1.1401 

11,401 

2.6 

1.6144 

16,124 

1.4 

1.1832 

11,832 

2.7 

1.6431 

16,431 

1.5 

1.2247 

12,247 

2.8 

1.6733 

16,733 

1.6 

1.2649 

12,649 

2.9 

1.7029 

17,029 

1.7 

1.3038 

13,038 

3.0 

1.7320 

17,32 ) 


If it be required to know uiie quantity that will pass 
under other circumstances it may be found by rule of 
three. Thus, supposing 20,000 feet of air pass with a 
water-gauge of 1J inches, what quantity will circulate 
with 2b inches of water-gauge? The square root of li 
= 1.2247 and of 2b — 1.5811, then we say: 

As 1.2247 : 20000 :: 1.5811 : 25820, the quantity re¬ 
quired. 


GASES MET WITH IN MINES. 

ATMOSPHERIC AIR. 

Air is a mixture of two gases, oxygen and nitrogen, 
with a trace of carbonic acid forming about five volumes 
in 1000 of the atmosphere, and more or less of watery 
vapor diffused through the gases of which it is composed, 




139 


but not considered as forming a constituent part, and not 
embraced in statements as to the chemical composition 
of air. 

Dry air is composed of— 

By weight. By volume. 


Nitrogen. 77 per cent. 79 per cent. 

Oxygen. 23 “ 21 “ 


100 100 

A cubic foot of air, at the temperature of melting ice 
(32°) and under pressure of 14.7 pounds per square inch, 
or 144 X 14.7 = 2116.8 pounds per square foot, weighs 
0.080728 pounds, so that under the same conditions 1000 
cubic feet weigh 80.728 pounds avoirdupois. 

NITROGEN GAS. 

Nitrogen gas is lighter than air under the same tempe¬ 
rature and pressure. The specific gravity of air being 
taken as 1000, that of nitrogen is 971.37, so that 1000 
cubie feet of air weighs 80.728 pounds, and 1000 cubic 
feet of nitrogen 78.416 pounds, and one foot of air weighs 
0.080728 pounds at 32° and 14.7 pounds pressure per 
square inch, one foot of nitrogen, under same conditions, 
weighs 1.0784167 pounds. Nitrogen gas has neither 
color, taste nor smell, will not support life nor combus¬ 
tion, but destroys life and extinguishes lights. Its use 
is to dilate the oxygen of the atmosphere, and render it 
fit for respiration. 

OXYGEN GAS. 

Oxygen forms 21 per cent, by volume, and 23 per cent, 
by weight, or more than one-fifth of atmospheric air. 
Its specific gravity is 1105.63, that of air being 1000 at 
a temperature of 32° and pressure of 14.7 pounds per 
square inch, 1000 feet weighs 89.255 pounds ; air, same 
conditions, 80.728 pounds. Oxygen has neither color, 
taste nor smell; red-hot wire will burn brilliantly in it, 
and animals die through excess of vital action. 

CARBONIC ACID GAS—BLACK DAMP. 

This gas is composed of oxygen and carbon. Its chemi- 


cal composition is: 

By 

By 

By 

atoms. 

weight. 

volume. 

Oxygen. 2 

72.73 per ct. 

1 

Carbon. 1 

27.27 “ 

1 

1 

100.00 

1 condensed 



K 







140 


Carbonic acid gas is a poisonous mixture, although it 
contains nearly 3 out of 4 by weight of oxygen (the life¬ 
supporting element). It is dangerous to life to breathe 
air containing from 10 to 12 per cent. According to Frie- 
berg, conditions can exist when miners will be struck 
down before the light is extinguished, although lights 
will not burn in air mixed with one-tenth of it. The 
breathing of this gas acts like a narcotic poison; first 
exciting, then producing paralysis, and at last, by 
satiety, death. It is, therefore, similar to chloroform. 
Its specific gravity is 1528.01, that of air being 1000. At 
a temperature of 32° and pressure of 14.7 pounds per 
square inch, 1000 cubic feet of carbonic acid gas weighs 
123.353 pounds. Air, same conditions, 80.728. As it is 
rather more than one and one-half times as heavy as 
common air, it is always found on the lowest levels of 
mines, or next the floor, except where displaced by cur¬ 
rents or expanded by heat. 

It is called by the miners “black damp,” “stythe,” 
“choke-damp,” &c. It is frequently met with; in fact, 
it is not absent in any mine where the air is not continu¬ 
ally renewed. It is produced in all collieries by the 
breath of the workmen (each man exhales 6.3 gallons of 
this gas hourly), the burning of lights, the explosion of 
powder, the fermentation of animal and vegetable sub¬ 
stances, &c. 


HYDROGEN GAS, 


Hydrogen has neither color, taste nor smell, and is not 
a supporter of combustion. If a light be plunged into a 
jar of it, it is extinguished. When mixed with common 
air or pure oxygen, it is highly explosive. Its specific 
gravity is 0.06927, air being 1. It is the lightest of all the 
gases. 


CARBURETED HYDROGEN GAS, 


Carbureted hydrogen gas is chemically composed of: 


By By 

atoms. weight. 


By 

volume. 

2 

1 


2 24.6 per ct. 

1 75.4 “ 


a 


Hydrogen 

Carbon.... 


1 


100.0 


1 condensed. 





141 


At a temperature of 32°, and under pressure of 14.7 
pounds per square inch, 1000 cubic feet of it weighs 
45.368 pounds. Air, same conditions, 80.728 pounds; 
so that it is rather more than one-half as heavy as an 
equal volume of air under the same conditions. 


FIRE-DAMP. 


Fire-damp is not, as commonly supposed, identical 
with carbureted hydrogen gas, as will appear from the 
following analysis : 



JARROW. 

Bensham 

Kidding- 

Gates¬ 


Seam. 

WORTH. 

head. 


(Playfair.) 

(Richardsoh.) 

(Graham.) 

Carbureted hydrogen... 

83.10 

66.30 

94.20 

Light air.. 


23.35 


Nitrogen. 

14.20 

6.52 

4.50 

Oxygen. 

0.40 


1.30 

Carbonic acid.. 

2.10 

4.03 



Its specific gravity is 0.650. Owing to the fact that it 
is lighter than air, it is always found at the lowest level 
in mines, if not disturbed by currents ; if left still, it will 
mix by diffusion with the surrounding atmosphere. The 
breathing of this gas, unmixed with air, is fatal to life ; 
but, when mixed with twice its own bulk of air, it may 
be breathed for sometime without serious effects. When 
one part of fire-damp is mixed with thirty parts of air, 
by volume, it can be detected in the appearance of the 
flame of a lamp, which is drawn up to a point and elon¬ 
gated. If the mixture is increased up to two parts in 
thirty, the flame is surmounted by a blue halo, which 
partakes more or less of a brown color, according to the 
quantity of carbonic acid gas or “black damp,’’which may 
be present along with the fire-damp. When the fire-damp 
forms one in thirteen of air, the mixture becomes explo¬ 
sive, and when ignited, is converted into a mass of flame, 
with little explosive force ; when the mixture is one in 
eight or ten of air, the explosive force is greatest. If the 
proportion be greater than one to eight or ten of air, the 
explosive force becomes gradually less, as we increase the 
proportion of fire-damp, until it reaches one in six of air, 
when it will no longer explode, but extinguishes lights. 










142 


The presence of ‘‘black damp,” or of free nitrogen, in 
mixtures of fire-damp and air, lessens their explosive 
force ; one-seventli, by volume, of black damp added 
to an explosive mixture, will render it non-explosive. 


AFTER DAMP, 


The result of an explosion of a mixture of fire-damp 
and air, is composed of— 


BY MEASURE. 


BY ATOMS. 


Free Nitrogen 


No. of Rel. Vol. ITn-Com- Comb’d Vol. 
Atoms, per atom bined Vol. Vol. percent. 

71.2 
9.6 

19.2 


7.4 

X 

2 

14.8 

Carbon. 1. 

X 

2 

2. 

Oxygen. 2. 

X 

1 

2. 

Hydrogen, 2. 

X 

2 

4. 

Oxygen, 2. 

X 

1 

2. 




24.8 


100.0 


Before the explosion there may be an excess of air or 
fire-damp beyond what is necessary to cause an explosion, 
which will remain unchanged and mixed with the after¬ 
damp. But there cannot be such an excess of air present 
as to render the after-damp fit for respiration, or the ex¬ 
plosion could not take place. The limits are such that 
this is impossible. It assumes the appearance of a dense, 
misty vapor. It benumbs the faculties and produces a 
deadly lethargy. Where carbonic acid prevails in the 
mixture, a lamp will not burn. In cases where a larger 
proportion of nitrogen is present, the lamp will burn as in 
sulphuretted hydrogen, even after the miner is struck 
down, in this case life being extinguished before the 
flame. 

As is seen in the table, “after-damp” contains about 
71 parts free nitrogen, 9i carbonic acid gas, and 19 parts 
of steam. The steam condensing after the explosion 
leaves, in round numbers, abdut 7j parts of nitrogen and 
one part of carbonic acid gas out of parts. If there is 
more fire-damp present than is chemically changed, the 
explosive force is weaker, but the resultant after-damp is 
more deadly than when an excess of air is present in the 
mixture. 








143 


Carbonic Oxide, the White-Damp of Mines. 

Assuming, as before, that the atomic volume of carbon 
is twice that of oxygen, its composition is as follows : 


By Atoms. By Weight. By Volume. 


Oxygen. 1 56.69 0£ 

Carbon. 1 43.31 1 


1 100.00 1 cond’ed. 


Its specific gravity is 975.195, that of air being 1000 at 
a temperature of 32° and under pressure of 14.7 pounds 
per square inch. One thousand cubic feet of carbonic 
oxide weighs 79.426 pounds. Air, under same conditions, 
will weigh 80.728 pounds. Carbonic oxide has a much 
more deleterious effect on the animal economy than car¬ 
bonic acid. Air containing one per cent, of carbonic 
oxide kills warm-blooded animals, as shown by experi¬ 
ments of M. Felix Leblanc. Carbonic oxide is itself an 
inflammable gas, but does not support combustion of 
other bodies. It has no taste, but has a peculiar smell, 
and when mixed in the proportion of two of gas to five 
of air, it becomes explosive. It is easily kindled and 
burns with a blue flame, being transformed into carbonic 
acid by the process. This gas is, perhaps, never found in 
coal mines, except as the result of the burning of coal or 
wood, or the explosion of gunpowder. Such a proportion 
of this gas might be mixed with air that lights would 
burn, while life would become extinct. 


Sulphuretted Hydrogen. 

This gas is sometimes met with in coal mines. It is 
colorless, but distinguishable by its peculiar smell, which 
resembles that of addled eggs. It produces fainting fits 
and asphyxia,when present in small proportions with air. 
When pure, it acts as a powerful narcotic poison. It does 
not support combustion, but is itself inflammable, and 
burns when mixed with air ; when mixed with pure oxy¬ 
gen, it becomes explosive. It is composed as follows : 





144 


By Atoms. By Weight. By Volume. 

Sulphur. 1 94.15 £ 

Hydrogen. 1 5.85 1 


1 100.00 1 

According to Bunsen, the specific gravity of this gas 
is 1178.88, that of air being assumed at 1000 under same 
conditions. According to some authorities, a horse died 
in an atmosphere which contained of its bulk of sul¬ 
phuretted hydrogen. It arises from the decomposition 
of iron pyrites in mineral springs and the excrementitious 
matters which accumulate on working roads which have 
been used for years. Water will take up three times its 
own bulk of it, and its presence can be detected by its 
blackening white lead or paper dipped in sugar of lead 
and dried. It explodes at a lower temperature than fire¬ 
damp, and the common Davy lamp is, therefore, not a 
sufficient protection. When this gas is present in the air 
of mines, lights will burn in the mixture, so that if its 
smell does not make its presence known, it may prove 
fatal to life before its presence is detected. 

Air in Mines. 

What is necessary for rendering mines healthy and 
free from explosion is to keep a copious current of 
air circulating through the workings. No specific rule 
can be given as to how much air is necessary for 
the ventilation of different colleries. It should be ade¬ 
quate to “dilute and render harmless noxious gases.” 
What the amount of this ventilation ought to be, circum¬ 
stances only can determine. Each workman requires 209 
gallons of fresh air hourly. Accounts of the air passing 
in a large number of collieries show that the amount 
varies from 8,000 to 180,000 cubic feet per minute. 

The condition of the air in a colliery depends very 
much on the state of the air at the surface. As the 
weight of the atmosphere is shown by the height of the 
barometer, we can readily see that when the barometer 
has sunk, the air has become lighter ; and the pressure, 
which before assisted to keep in the gas, now being di¬ 
minished, allows it to escape. For every degree which 
the barometer falls, the pressure per square foot is less¬ 
ened more than 70 lbs. The following table will show the 
matter more clearly: 





145 


TABLE OF THE PRESSURE OF AIR AT DIFFER¬ 
ENT HEIGHTS OF THE BAROMETER. 

Rule. Height of barometer in inches X *4908 (the 
weight of a cubic inch of mercury) = pressure per square 
inch in pounds. 


Height of barometer, Pressure per sq. in. Pressure per sq. ft. 
in inches. in pounds. in pounds. 

27.0 . 13.25 . J 908.23 

27.25 . 13.37 . 1925.89 

27.5 . 13.49 . 1943.56 

27.75 . 13.61 1961.23 

28.0 . 13.74 . 1978.90 

28.25 . 13.86 1996.56 

28.5 . 13.98 . 2014.24 

28.75 . 14.11 2031.91 

29.0 . 14.23 . 2049.58 

29.25 . 14.35 . 2067.24 

29.5 . 14.47 . 2084.91 

29.75 . 14.60 . 2102.58 

30.0 . 14.72 . 2120.25 

30.25 . 14.84 . 2137.92 

30.5 . 14 96 . 2155.59 

30.75 . 15.09 . 2173.26 

31.0 . 15.21 2190.93 


TABLE OF THE ELASTICITY OF ATMOSPHERES. 


Elastic 

Elastic 

Degrees 

Difference 

Volume in 

Velocity 

force in 

force in 

of 

of tem¬ 

cubic feet, 

into a 

atmos¬ 

lbs. per 

heat. 

perature 
in deg. P. 

water 

vacuum in 

pheres. 

sq.inch. 

P. 

being 1. 

ft. per sec. 

1 .... 

... 14.7 . 

212.00 


. 1711 ., 

. 1566 

2 .... 

... 29.4 . 

250.52 

. 38.52 . 

. 905 .. 

. 1610 

3 .... 

... 44.1 . 

275.18 

. 24.66 . 

. 623 .. 

. 1638 

4 .... 

... 58.8 . 

293.72 

. 18.54 . 

. 479 .. 

. 1658 

5 .... 

.. 73.5 . 

308.84 

. 15.12 . 

. 394 .. 

. 1674 

6 .... 

.. 88.2 . 

320 36 

. 11.52 . 

. 331 .. 

. 1688 

7 .... 

..102.9 . 

331.70 

. 11.34 . 

. 288 .. 

. 1700 

8 .... 

..117.6 . 

341.93 

. 10.26 . 

. 255 .. 

. 1710 

9 .... 

..132.3 . 

350.78 

. 8.82 . 

. 229 .. 

. 1720 

10 .... 

..147.0 . 

358.88 

. 8.10 . 

. 209 .. 

.... 1729 

12 .... 

..176.4 . 

374.00 

. 15.12 . 

. 190 .. 

. 1742 

15 .... 

..180.5 . 

392.86 

. 18.86 . 

. 135 .. 

.... 1765 

20 .... 

..294.0 . 

418.45 

. 25.59 . 

. Ill .. 

.... 1786 

30 .... 

..441.0 . 

457.16 

.. 38.71 . 

. 77 .. 

.... 1823 

50 .... 

..735.0 . 

510.60 

. 53.44 . 

. 42 .. 

.... 1873 




































































































146 


PLANS OF WORKING TO SECURE PROPER 
VENTILATION. 

Hints for the Mammoth Vein.—Anthracite Region. 

The plans best suited to work different collieries vary 
with the character and location of the vein. 


When the Vein is Soft and Shelly or Slippery, 

at an Angle of more than 50°, and Generating 

Large Quantities of Fire-Damp. 

The great danger to be guarded against is the sudden 
liberation of gas should a breast “ run,” that is, should 
the coal at the face loosen and run out of its own gravity, 
only stopping when it chokes or fills up the open space 
below. To meet these conditions, the air-course may be 
driven above the gangway and used as a return, the fan 
being attached as an exhaust. The inside manway of 
each breast is connected with the gangway for the in-take, 
and a door is made below the cross-hole in each outside 
manway into the air-course for the return. This system 
furnishes each breast with a separate split of air. 

One of its advantages is that the return air loaded with 
gas is kept from contact with lights, as the air-course is 
sealed up as soon as a breast is finished. In collieries 
where this system of working is followed the coal is soft. 
A new breast is worked up a few yards, but as soon as it 
is opened out the coal runs freely and the manways are 
pushed up on each side as rapidly as possible, to keep up 
with the face. The two miners, one on either side, some¬ 
times finish a breast without being able to cross to each 
other. The work is done exclusively with Davy lamps, 
and when a breast ‘ ‘ runs ’ ’ the gas is liberated in such 
quantities that it frequently fills breasts from the top to 
the air-way before the men can get down the manway on 
the return side. When the gas reaches the cross-hole, 
it passes into the return air-way without reaching any 
part where men are working. Should a “run” of coal 
block a breast by closing the manway, it affects but that 
breast alone and does not affect the current of any other 
breast. As the gangway is the in-take, leakage at the 
batteries passes in to the breasts, as the cross-holes are 



147 


above their level and the gas is thus kept above the 
starter when at the draw-hole. The gangway, chutes and 
air-way are supplied by wooden pipes, which connect with 
a door behind the inside chute. If a breast runs up to 
the surface, it does not affect the return air-way, as it is 
in the solid. 

Among the disadvantages urged against this system of 
working are the following : 

It increases the friction, as the air must pass in the air¬ 
way all the distance from the breast to the fan, the area 
of the air-way being small in comparison to the gangway 
or in-take. 

As the faces of the breasts are so much higher than the 
return air-way, the lighter gas must be forced down into 
the return against the buoyant power of its smaller spe¬ 
cific gravity. 

The reduction of friction obtained by splitting is neu¬ 
tralized by each split running up one small manway and 
down anot her ; the advantage of running through two or 
more pillar headings and thus securing a shorter course 
being lost. This can be partially obviated by ventilating 
the breasts in pairs or groups, but the dangers avoided in 
splitting are increased. 

The outside breasts are nearest the fan and receive the 
largest proportion of air. If an effort is made to preserve 
an equilibrium with regulators, friction is increased on 
the whole current, and less air secured with the same 
power. 

Black-damp, which accumulates in the empty or partly 
empty breasts, works its way down and mixes with the 
in-take current, as there is no return current in the breast 
strong enough to carry it away, the return being closed 
in the monkey gangway. 

All things considered, when the vein is soft and has a 
pitch of forty and upw ard, and emits large quantities of 
gas in sudden outbursts, as in running breasts, this system 
is the best that can be adopted. 

When the Coal is Hard and Gas is not Freely 
Evolved. 

The reverse of the system just described is followed at 
some collieries where the coal is hard and but little gas is 
encountered. The air-way is driven over the gangway or 
against the top, the fan being used to force the air inward 


148 


to the end of the air-way. The air is distributed as it 
returns, being held up at intervals by distributing doors 
placed along the gangway. 

Among the advantages claimed for this plan are the 
following : 

As the pressure is outward, it forces smoke and gas out 
at any openings which may exist from crop-hole falls or 
other causes. 

The warm air from the interior of the mine returning 
up the hoisting slope or shaft prevents it from freezing. 

As the current is carried from the fan to the end of 
each lift without passing through working places, the 
opening of doors as cars are passing, &c., does not inter¬ 
fere with the current. 

If a locomotive is used, the smoke and gases generated 
by it are carried away from the men toward the bottom. 
Locomotives are generally used only from the main turn¬ 
out to the bottom. 

An objection to this system is that the gangway, as the 
return, is apt to be smoky. Starters and loaders are 
forced to work in more or less smoke, and even the mules 
work to disadvantage, while if gas is given off, it is passed 
out over the lights of those working in the gangway. 

However, in places where there is but little gas and air¬ 
ways of large area can be driven, this plan works very 
satisfactorily, and some of the best ventilated collieries 
are worked upon it. 

An objection advanced by some against forcing-fans is, 
that they increase the pressure, thus damming the gas 
back in the strata. In case the speed of the fan is slacked 
off, the accumulated gas may respond to the lessened 
pressure and spring out in large volumes from its pent-up 
state. This argument, however, works both ways. An 
exhaust fan, running at a given speed, is taking off pres¬ 
sure, and if anything occurs to block the in-take the 
pressure is diminished, and the gas responds to the de¬ 
crease upon exactly the same principle. 


Hints for the Smaller Veins.—Anthracite Region. 

When the Vein is Small and Lays from Hori¬ 
zontal to about 10°. 

Two gangways may be driven, the lower or main gang¬ 
way being the in-take. Branch gangways should then be 



149 


driven diagonally or at a slant, with a panel or group of 
working places on each slant gangway. Large headings 
should connect the panels. In this system the air is car¬ 
ried directly to the face of the gangway and up into the 
breasts, returning back through the working places. The 
in-take and return are separated by a solid pillar, the 
only openings being the slant gangways on which are the 
panels. 

The advantages of this plan are several: 

The main gangway is solid, with the exception of the 
small cross-holes connecting with the gangway above ; 
these furnish air to the gangway and are small and easily 
kept tight. These stoppings should be built of brick, and 
made strong enough to withstand concussion. 

A full trip of wagons can be loaded and coupled in each 
panel or section without interfering with or detaining the 
traffic on the main road ; one trip can be loaded while 
another is run out to the main gangway for transporta¬ 
tion to the bottom. 

The only break in the in-take current is when a trip of 
cars is taken out from or returns to a panel or section; 
this can be partially provided against by double doors, 
set far enough apart to permit one to close after the trip 
before the other is opened. This distance can be secured 
by opening the first three breasts on a back-switch above 
the road through the gangway pillar, or by running each 
branch over the other far enough to obtain the distance 
for the double doors. 

If it is not desired to carry the whole volume of air to 
the end of the air-way, a split can be made at each branch 
road. These will act as unequal splits in reducing fric¬ 
tion, and although not theoretically correct, are preferable 
to dragging the whole current the full length of the 
workings. 

The objections urged to this plan are : 

That it involves too much expense in the large amount 
of narrow work at high prices necessary to open out a 
colliery; that it necessitates a double track the whole 
length of the lift, and that the grade ascends into each 
panel or section. But the latter criticism falls, because 
the loss of power hauling the empty wagons up a slight 
grade is more than made up by the loaded wagons run¬ 
ning down, while the mules are away putting a trip into 
another panel or section. 


150 


For a large colliery this is, without doubt, the best and 
cheapest system. 

When the Vein is Small and lies at an Angle of 
MORE THAN 10°. 

In small veins lying at an angle of more than 10°, and 
too small to permit an air-way over the chutes, it is more 
difficult to maintain ventilation. If air-holes are put 
through every few breasts, and a fresh start obtained by 
closing the back holes, or if an opening can be gotten 
through to the last lift as often as the current becomes 
weak, an adequate amount of air can be maintained, 
because the lilt worked can be used as the in-take and 
the abandoned lift above as the return. To ventilate 
fresh ground, the filling of the chutes with coal will have 
to be depended upon, or a brattice must be carried along 
the gangway. This can be done for a limited distance 
only, as brattice leaks too much air. As a rule, collieries 
worked upon this plan are run along until the smoke ac¬ 
cumulates and the ventilation becomes poor ; then a new 
hole is run through and the brattice removed and used as 
before for the next section. This operation is repeated 
until the lift is worked out. Sometimes, to make the 
chutes tight, canvas covers are put on the drawholes, 
but, as they are usually left to the loaders to adjust, they 
are often very imperfectly applied. Then, as the coal 
is frequently very large, the air will leak through the 
batteries. 

This plan works very satisfactorily if the openings are 
made at short intervals, say as frequent as every fifth 
breast, but the distance is usually much greater to save 
expense. As the power of the current decreases as the 
distance between the air-holes is increased, good ventila¬ 
tion is entirely a question of how often a cut-off is ob¬ 
tained. 

An effective ventilation could be maintained in a small 
vein at a heavy angle by working with short lifts, say two 
litts of fifty yards instead of one of a hundred as at 
present. The gangways should be frequently connected, 
and one used as an in-take and the other as a return. 
11ns would necessitate driving two gangways where one 
is now made to do, but the additional expense would be 
made up in the greater proportion of coal won. 


151 


HINTS ON THE TREATMENT OF PERSONS WHO 
HAVE BEEN SUFFOCATED WITH GAS. 

The most melancholy accidents are continually happen¬ 
ing from the want of a little precaution in dealing with 
gas. Lives have frequently been lost because of the 
neglect to lower a candle into old shafts or openings 
before descending them. How often when one man 
has been overcome by black-damp have others rushed to 
the rescue to fall and die beside him. Their lives would 
have been saved had a few buckets of water been dashed 
down where the first man fell, and very likely his life 
saved also. 

When any one is thus immersed in carbonic acid, suffo¬ 
cation takes place in a very short time. Recovery from 
it is slow and extremely difficult, and only practical in 
the case of a very short continuance in the gas. It is 
often followed by some days’ illness, and particularly by 
a violent headache. 

The symptoms of suffocation are the sudden cessation 
of respiration, of the pulsations of the heart, and of the 
action of all the sensory functions; the countenance is 
swollen, and marked with reddish spots ; the eyes become 
protruded ; the features are discomposed, and the face is 
often livid. 

The remedies, according to French authorities, are as 
follows: 

1. The suffocated person is to be promptly withdrawn 
from the deleterious place, and exposed to good and pure 
air. 

2. He is to be undressed, and effusions of cold water 
are to be thrown on the body, particularly over the head 
and neck. 

3. He is to be required, if possible, to swallow cold 
water, slightly acidulated with vinegar. 

4. Clysters should be given, two-tliirds of cold water 
and one-third of vinegar ; afterward to be followed up by 
the administration of others, with a strong solution of 
common salt, or of senna and Epsom salts. 

5. Attempts should be made to irritate the pitutitary 
membrane with the feather end of a quill, which should 
be gently moved in the nostrils of the insensible person, 
or stimulate it by means of a bottle of volatile alkali, put 
under the nose. 


152 


6. Air should be introduced into the lungs by blowing 
with the nozzle of a bellows into one of the nostrils, and 
compressing the other with the fingers. 

7. If these means do not sufficiently produce the effects 
which are expected, the body of the suffocated person 
preserving its heat (which generally occurs for a long 
time), it will be necessary to have recourse to blood¬ 
letting, of which the necessity will be clearly indicated 
if the face be red, the lips swollen, and the eyes pro¬ 
truding. 

8. Blood-letting from the jugular vein will produce the 
speediest effect. In default of drawing it from that place, 
it should be taken from the foot. 

9. For the last resource, an opening should be made in 
the trachea, and a small pipe introduced, through which 
the air should be passed by the aid of a little bellows. 

Mr. Green well observes that it is necessary to apply 
these various remedies with the greatest promptness. 
The later they are in being employed, the more there is 
to fear that they will not be efficacious; and, as death 
does not certainly appear for a long time, they ought not 
to be discontinued, but when it is clearly confirmed. The 
absence of beating of the pulse is not a certain sign of 
death. The want of respiration is not sufficient to con¬ 
stitute it. Neither ought to be regarded as dead persons, 
those whose breath does not bedim the brightness of a 
glass ; nor those of whom the members are stiff, and who 
appear insensible. 









153 


SAFETY LAMPS. 


Sir Humphrey Dayy thus describes his invention : 
The principle of my lamp is, that the flame, by being 
supplied with only a limited quantity of air, should pro¬ 
duce such a quantity of azotic or carbonic acid gas, as 
to prevent the explosion of the fire-damp ; and which, 
from the nature of its operations, should be rendered 
unable to communicate any explosion to the outer air. 
The wire gauze should not be more than l-20th of an 
inch square ; wire from l-40tli to l-60th of an inch is the 
most convenient size, and there should be 28 wires, or 
784 apertures per square inch. 

Stephenson describes his lamp as made to contain 
burnt air above the flame, and to permit the fire-damp 
to come in below r in small quantity, to be burnt as it 
comes in, the burnt air preventing the passing of explo¬ 
sion upwards, and the velocity of the current preventing 
its passing downwards. 

The following figures represent the illuminating power 
of various lamps, the standard being a wax candle, six to 
the pound: 

• Average number of 

lamps required to 
equal wax candle 
standard. 


Davy’s lamp, with gauze. 8.00 

Stephenson’s lamp.18.50 

Upton and Koberts’s.24.50 

Clanny’s (glass). 4.25 

Mueseler’s (glass). 3.50 

Parish’s lamp, with gauze. 2.75 

Davy’s lamp, without gauze. 2.50 


Common miner’s candle, 30 to the pound. 2.00 

A series of experiments on safety lamps was conducted 
by a Committee of the North of England Institute, who 
thus summarize their conclusions on an inflammable 
vapor observed to be given off by the gauzes when heated 
to a high temperature : 

“ (1.) That if a new r gauze can be heated quickly to a 
red heat, it will, under certain circumstances, give off 
fumes which will inflame at that temperature. (2.) 
That similar results can be obtained by smearing a gauze 










154 


with oil. (3.) And further, that oil, on being poured 
over red-hot iron, will ignite. 

“We may conclude, therefore, that this phenomenon is 
due to the presence of oil adhering to the gauze. That 
by heating to a high temperature, the oil is volatilised 
aud removed, and the gauze can again be raised to a red 
heat without these results ; but the action returns if any 
oil is smeared on the gauze ; and cannot be removed, ex¬ 
cept by the gauze being again heated red-hot. That the 
ignition of the vapor externally takes place when the 
gauze is inserted within a red-hot tube ; but not when a 
piece of red-hot iron is inserted within it. 

“The gauze becomes much sooner heated red when put 
within the red-hot tube than when the iron is inserted 
within it. 

“It is essential, therefore, that the gauze be rapidly 
heated red ; if not, the oil is volatilised without being 
ignited. 

“We come, therefore, to the following conclusions: 

“(1.) That if rapidly heated to a high temperature, a 
safety-gauze gives off fumes which will ignite. (2.) That 
under all known conditions under which safety lamps are 
used this could not occur. 

“ That if a gauze be previously thoroughly acted on by 
caustic potash and sulphuric acid, it will *not, on being 
heated by having a red-hot iron rod placed within it, give 
off fumes sufficiently inflammable to ignite on the outside. 
(There was considerable doubt about the gauze so heated 
firing even on the inside .) 

‘ ‘ The conclusion to be arrived at, therefore, is that the 
oil is simply attached to the outside of, and is not incor¬ 
porated in the body of the iron.” 

On the velocity at which it is necessary to move a lamp 
in an inflammable mixture to cause an explosion, and on 
various circumstances affecting the same, the committee 
say: 

(1.) By revolving a Davy safety-lamp in certain mix¬ 
tures, not only of ordinary coal gas and air, but also of 
the less explosive pit gas and air, at certain velocities, 
the external gas will be ignited. (2.) In a mixture of 
coal gas and air, the gas has been ignited by a lamp re¬ 
volving at a great velocity, but the gauze of which has 
not attained a red heat, thus proving that in this experi¬ 
ment the flame passed through the gauze, and was not 


155 


ignited by the gauze itself attaining high temperature, 
(3.) In mixtures where there is a great excess of gas—in 
the proportion of one to five of air—the explosive force 
is very slight, the dame, which is of a yellow color, passes 
sluggishly over the box [in which the experiment was 
made], and the explosion is prolonged. Where the air is 
more abundant (in proportion of one of gas to eight of 
air, or thereabout), the color of the dame is blue, and 
the explosion is violent and rapid. (4.) The lowest veloc¬ 
ity at which the dame passes was 13 feet per second.” 

Further experiments were made in which a current of 
air and gas of known proportions and velocity were 
caused to impinge upon a lamp at rest, proving conclu¬ 
sively the exact velocity of current required to cause an 
explosion. The general results are thus stated : 

“ An indammable mixture of pit gas and air, moving 
at the rate of 8 feet per second against a stationary Davy 
lamp without a shield, will explode. The addition of an 
ordinary shield to a Davy lamp is of little benedt; when 
the shield dts closely, and extends from the top to the 
bottom of the gauze, it affords some protection, but still 
at a velocity of 12 feet per second the dame passes. 

“ A Clanny lamp under similar circumstances will ex¬ 
plode in a mixture passing at 9 feet per second. 

“A Stephenson lamp will explode at 9 feet per second. 
In some experiments the dame passed the Stephenson 
lamp before the glass was in any way injured ; and in one 
experiment the glass was clearly observed to break after 
the lamp had fired the mixture, and was being withdrawn 
into the cold air for examination. 

“ A Mueseler lamp passed the dame as easily as a Davy 
lamp, viz., at 8 feet per second.” 

Messrs. W. Smethurst, F. G. S., and James Ashworth, 
mining engineers, made a series of exhaustive experi¬ 
ments at the Garswood Hall Colliery, near Wigan, Eng¬ 
land, in 1878, with all descriptions of safety lamps. They 
report the following practical results : 

1. That the greater the diameter of the gauge, the 
quicker will the dame pass. 

2. That in an explosive atmosphere, with the low ve¬ 
locity of seven feet per second, and without coal dust, 
the Davy lamp, as ordinarily constructed, is unsafe. 

• L 


156 


3. That whatever may be the height of the tin shield, 
it is no protection or safeguard against the flame passing; 
in fact, it adds to the danger. 

4. That if a cylindrical glass shield is used, as in the 
Davy “Jack” lamp, and the smoke gauze made so long 
that the glass shield overlaps it by over a quarter of an 
inch, the safety of the lamp is immensely increased, and 
the flame will not pass until the glass is broken up by 
the heat, or the double thickness of gauze becomes 
heated sufficiently for the flame to pass. 

5. That a Davy lamp, constructed after the design of 
Mr. Smethurst’s Jack lamp, or Messrs. Ashworth and 
Woolrych’s Jack-Davy lamp, is still safer. 

6. That in many cases a Clanny lamp cannot be con¬ 
sidered any safer than a Davy lamp, and this remark 
will also apply to the Bainbridge lamp. 

7. That a ventilating current containing a very small 
percentage of gas, just enough to elongate the flame, and 
followed by a highly explosive body of gas, is the most 
severe test that a lamp can be put to, and very few can 
stand it. 









157 


THE BAROMETER AND WATER-GAUGE. 


Mercury is fourteen times heavier than water; there¬ 
fore, if the pressure of the atmosphere will balance 34 ft. 
of water, it will only balance one-fourteenth part of that 
height of mercury, viz., a little more than 29 in. When 
the barometer is 27.00 in., the pressure per square foot is 
equal to 1908.23 lbs ; at 28.00 in. it is 1978.90 lbs. ; at 
29.00 in. it is 2049.58 lbs. ; at 30.00 in. it is 2120.25 lbs., 
and at 31.00 in. it is 2190.93 lbs. To ascertain the amount 
of pressure per square foot, table No. 1 (p. 159 ) will be 
useful. Thus, at 30.00 in., the pressure, as above stated, 
is equal to 2120.25 lbs. on each square foot of surface. 
For the decimal .09 we have, by table No. 1, 6.36 lbs. ; 
2120.25 + 6.36 = 2126.61 lbs., being the pressure on each 
square foot when the height of the barometer is 30.09 in. 
Suppose the mercury falls from this height to 29.47 in., 
then, by the table, this indicates a reduction of pressure 
equal to 43.81 lbs. per square foot. Required the amount 
in cubic feet of air and gas that may be expected to be 
given off for each 1000 cubic feet of open space in the 
goaves or other waste places. 


At 30.09 the pressure is. 2126.61 lbs. 

29.47 “ . 2082.80 “ 

Difference. 43.81 “ 


As 2126.61 : 43.81 : : 1000 : 20.60 cubic feet of gas, which 
(theoretically) may be expected to be given off by a reduc¬ 
tion of pressure equal to that indicated above. A table 
of pressures is not, however, absolutely necessary for work¬ 
ing the proportion. 

Height of barometer. 30.09 

29.47 


Difference 


.62 


As 30.09 : .62 :: 1000 : 20.60 cubic feet. 










158 


If we divide the difference by 3, we shall obtain results 
sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes; thus 62 — 
3 = 20f, or 20.66 cubic feet. Considerable experience in 
the use of the instrument in mines has shown that its indi¬ 
cations are from one to two, or even three hours behind 
what is actually taking place; consequently, as an instru¬ 
ment for warning the furnace-men to “fire-up,” or the 
engine tender to urge on the fan, it is worse than useless. 
It is, however, valuable to superintendents and other offi¬ 
cials in the mines as an incentive to thought. 

Respecting table No. 2 (p. 159), very little need be said. 
It shows the pressure in pounds and decimal parts of a 
pound for one inch, and decimal parts of an inch. The 
weight of a cubic foot of water = 1000 ozs. ; therefore the 
pressure per square foot, one inch deep, will be 5.20 lbs. 
If the water-gauge stands at .25, or a quarter of an inch, 
the pressure per square foot is 1.30 lbs. For the pressure 
to be equal to a quarter of a pound to the square inch, or 
36 lbs. per square foot, the difference of the water-level 
must be 6.92 in. The water-gauge is very useful as a 
check on the furnaceman, and also a tell-tale on the 
amount of friction in the air-courses, from whence may 
be inferred their state and condition. 


TABLE OF CORRECTIONS TO BE ADDED TO THE 
READINGS FOR CAPILLARITY. 


CORRKCTIONS FOR 


Diameter of 
tube. 

Unboiled mercury. 

* Boiled Mercury. 

0.50 . 

. + 0.01 . 

. + o.oo 

0.45 .... 

. -f 0 01 . 

. +0.00 

0.40 .... 

.4- 0.02. 

. + 0.01 

0.35. 

. 4- 0.02 . 

.4- o.oi 

0.30. 

. 4- 0.03 . 

. + 0.01 

0.25 .... 

. + 0.04 . 

. + 0.02 

0.20 .... 

. + 0.06. 

. + 0.03 

0.15 .... 



0.10 .... 

. 4- 0.14. 

. + 0.07 

* 

The mercury is almost always boiled. 






















159 


PRESSURE OF AIR, PER SQUARE FOOT, AS 
SHOWN BY THE BAROMETER AND 
WATER-GAUGE. 


Table No. 1. j Table No. 2. 
Barometer, i Water Gauge. 


In. 

Lbs. 

! In. 

Lbs 

1.00.... 

.70.68 

1.00.... 


.99.... 

.69.97 

.99.... 

.5.14 

.98.... 

.69.27 

.98.... 

.5.09 

.97.... 


.97.... 


.96.... 

.67.85 

.96.... 

.4.99 

.95.... 

.67.15 

.95.... 

.4.94 

.94.... 

.66.44 

.94.... 

.4.88 

.93.... 

.65.73 

.93.... 

.4.83 

.92.... 

.65.03 

.92.... 

.4.78 

.91.... 

.64.32 

.91.... 

.4.73 

.90.... 

.63.61 

.90.... 

.4.68 

.89.... 

.62.91 

.89.... 

.4.62 

,88.... 

.62.20 

.88.... 


.87.... 

.61.49 

.87.... 

.4.52 

.86.... 


.86.... 

.4.47 

•85.... 

.60.08 

.85.... 

.4.42 

.84.... 


.84.... 

.4.36 

•83.... 

.58.66 

.83.... 

.4.31 

.82.... 


.82.... 

.4.26 

.81.... 


.81.... 

....4.21 

.80.... 

.56.54 

.80.... 

.4.16 

.79.... 


.79.... 

.4.10 

.78.... 


.78.... 

....4.05 

.77.... 

..54.42 

.77.... 

....4.00 

•76.... 


.76.... 

....3.95 

.75.... 


.75.... 

....3.90 

•74.... 

.52.30 

.74.... 


,73.... 

.51.60 

.78... 

....3.79 

.72.... 

.50.89 

.72.... 


•71.... 

....50.18 

.71.... 


.70.... 

.... 49.48 

.70.... 

....3.64 

.69.... 

.48.77 

.69. 


.68.... 

....48 06 


....3.53 

.67_ 

.47.36 

r 67..... 

....3.48 

.66 , 

....46.65 

.66. 

....3.43 

.65.... 

....45.94 

.65. 

....3.38 

.64.... 

....45.24 

.64. 


.63.... 

....44.53 

.63. 

....3.27 

.62.... 

....43.82 

.62. 


.61.... 

....43.11 

.61. 


.60.... 

....42.41 

.60. 

....3.12 

,59.... 

....41.70 

.59. 

....3.06 

.58.... 

....40.99 

.58 . 

....3.01 

.57. 

....40.29 

.57. 

....2.96 

.56. 


.56. 

....2.91 

.55.... 


.55. 

....2.86 

.54. 


.54. 

....2.80 

.53. 

....37.46 

.53. 

....2.75 

.52. 

....36.75 

.52. 

...2.70 

.51. 

....36.05 

.51. 

....2.65 


Table No. 1. 

Table No. 2. 

Barometer. 

Water 

Gauge. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

.50.... 

.35.34 

.50.. 

. 2.60 

.49.... 

.34.63 

.49. 

.2.-54 

.48.... 

.33.93 

.48.. 

.2.49 

.47.... 


.47„ 

.2 44 

.46.... 

.32.51 

.46.. 

.2.39 

.45.... 

.31.81 

.45.. 

.2.34 

.44.... 


.41.. 

.2.28 

.43.... 

....30.39 

.43.. 

.2.23 

.42.... 

....29.69 

.42.. 

.2.18 

.41.... 

....28.98 

.41.. 

.2.13 

.40.... 

....28.27 

.40.. 

.2.08 

.39.... 

....27.57 

.39.. 

. 2.02 

.38.... 

.26.86 

* .38.. 

.1.97 

.37.... 

.26.15 

.37.. 

.1.92 

.36.... 

.25.44 

.36.. 

.1.87 

.35.... 

.24.74 

.35.. 

.1.82 

.34.... 

.... 24.03 

.34.. 


.33.... 

.23.32 

.33.. 

.1.71 

.32.... 

.22.62 

.32.. 

. 1.66 

.31.... 

.21.91 

.31.. 

.1.61 

.30.... 

. 21.20 

.30.. 

.1.56 

.29.... 

....20.50 

.29.. 

.1.50 

.28.... 

....19.79 

.28.. 

.1.45 

.27.... 

....19.08 

.27.. 

.1.40 

.26.... 

.. 18.38 

.26.. 


.25.... 

....17.67 

.25.. 

.1.30 

.24.... 

....16.96 

.24.. 

.1.24 

.23.... 

....16.26 

.23.. 

.1.19 

.22.... 

....15.55 

.22.. 

.1.14 

.21.... 

....14.84 

.21.. 

.1.09 

.20.... 

....14.14 

.20.. 

.1.04 

.19.... 

....13.43 

.19.. 

.98 

.18.... 

....12.72 

.18.. 

.93 

.17. 

....12.02 

.17.. 

.88 

.16.... 

....11.31 

.16.. 

.83 

.15.... 

....10.60 

.15.. 

.78 

.14. 

.... 9.90 

.14.. 

.72 

.13. 

... 9.19 

.13.. 

.67 

.12 . 

.... 8.48 

.12.. 

.62 

.11. 


.11.. 

.57 

.10. 

.... 7.07 

.10.. 


.09. 

.... 6.36 

.09.. 


.08. 

.... 5.65 

.08.. 

.41 

.07. 

.00. 

.... 4.95 
.... 4.21 

.07 

.36 

.06.. 

.31 

.05. 

.... 3.53 

.05.. 

.26 

.01. 

.... 2.83 

.04.. 

.20 

.03 . 

.... 2.12 

.03.. 

.15 

.02 . 

.... 1.41 

.02.. 

.10 

.01. 

.71 

.01.. 

.05 


































































































































160 


HEAT. 


Quantities of heat are expressed in units of weight of 
water heated one degree; as in pounds of water heated 
one degree Falir. 

Quantities of heat are sometimes also expressed in units 
of evaporation: that is, units of weight of w T ater evaporated 
under the pressure of one atmosphere. 

Heat which evaporates 1 lb. of water under one atmos¬ 
phere — 966.1 units of heat. 


STANDARD POINTS. 

Fahr. Cent. Reau. 

Boiling point of water under one 

atmosphere. . 212° 100° 80° 

Melting point of ice. 82 0 0 

Absolute zero ; known by theory 

only, about. —461.2 —274 —219.2 

9° Fahrenheit = 5° Centigrade — 4° Reaumur. 
Temp. Fahr. == •§• Temp. Cent, -f- 32°. 

“ “ £ Temp. Reau. -j- 32°. 

Temp. Cent. £ (Temp. Fahr. — 32°) = £ Temp. Reau. 
Temp. Reau. £ (Temp. Fahr. —32°) £ Temp. Cent. 


COMMUNICATION OF HEAT. 


Conduction .—Taking the conducting power of gold at 
100, the conducting powers of the undernoted bodies are 
as follows : 


Gold. 

. 100.00 

Tin. 

. 30.38 

Platinum. 

. 98.10 

Lead. 

. 17.96 

Silver. 

. 97.30 

Marble. 

. 2.34 

Copper. 

. 89.82 

Porcelain. 

. 1.22 

Iron. 

. 37.41 

Brick Earth. 

. 1.13 

Zinc. 

. 36.37 




Transmission .—If the quantity of radiant heat trans¬ 
mitted through air be expressed by 100, the following 
numbers will express the quantity transmitted through 
an equal thickness of the substances named below : 



















161 


Air. 100 

Hock Salt (transparent) 92 

Flint Glass. 67 

Bisulphuret of Carbon, 63 
Calcareous Spar (trans¬ 
parent) . 62 

Rock Crystal. 62 

Topaz, brown. 57 

Crown Glass. 49 

Oil of Turpentine. 31 


Rape Oil. 30 

Tourmaline. 27 

Sulphuric Ether. 21 

Gypsum.. 20 

Sulphuric Acid. 17 

Nitric Acid. 15 

Alcohol. 15 

Alum Crystals. 12 

Water. 11 


RADIATION, ABSORPTION, AND REFLECTION 
OF HEAT. 


Taking the radiating and absorbing power of a smoke- 
blackened surface at 100 the reflecting power of such a 
surface will be 0; and the radiating and absorbing pow¬ 
ers, and also the reflecting powers of the various sub¬ 
stances enumerated beneath will be as they stand in the 
following table, compiled from the experiments of MM. 
de la Provostaye and Desains. 


Radiating and Reflecting 
Name of Substance. absorbing power. power. 


Smoke-blackened surface. 

Carbonate of Lead. 

Writing Paper. 

Glass. 

China Ink.... 

Gum Lac. 

Silver Foil on Glass. 

Cast Iron, polished. 

Mercury. 

Wrought Iron, polished. 

Zinc, polished. 

Platinum, polished. 

Tin. 

Metalic Mirrors, a little tarnished, 
Brass, cast imperfectly, polished, 

Copper, hammered or cast. 

Gold Plating. 

Silver, cast and well polished. 


100 . 

. 0 

100 ....... 

. 0 

98 . 

. 2 

90 . 

. 10 

85 . 

. 15 

72 . 

. 28 

27 . 

. 73 

25 . 

. 75 

23 . 

. 77 

23 . 

. 77 

19 . 

. 81 

17 . 

. 83 

14 . 

. 86 

17 . 

. 83 

11 . 

. 89 

7 . 

. 93 

5 . 

. 95 

3 . 

. 97 






















































1G2 


TABLE OF SPECIFIC HEATS. 


Water. 1.0000 

Hydrogen 

Gas'. 3.2936 

Aqueous 

Vapor.... 0.8470 
Alcohol. ... 0.7000 
Ether.0.6600 


Oil.0.5200 

Nitrog’n Gas 0.2754 

Air. 0.2669 

Oxygen.0.2361 

Carbonic 

Acid.0.2210 

Charcoal.0.2631 


Sulphur.... 0.1850 

Iron.0.1138 

Zinc. 0.0955 

Mercury... 0.0332 
Platinum... 0.0324 
Gold. 2.2998 


SPECIFIC HEAT OF IRON. 


From 32 to 212 degrees . 0.1098 

“ 392 “ 0.1150 

“ 572 “ 0.1218 

“ 662 “ 0.1255 


PROGRESSIVE SPECIFIC HEAT. 


Bet. 32 and 212 deg. 

Of Mercury. 0.0330 . 

Zinc. 0.0927 . 

Antimony. 0.0507 . 

Silver. 0.0557 . 

Copper. 0.0949 . 

Platinum. 0.0335 . 

Glass. 0.1770 . 


Bet. 32 and 572 deg. 

. 0.2350 

. 0.1015 

. 0.0547 

. 0.0611 

. 0.1013 

. 0.0355 

:.0.1900 


TABLE OF LATENT HEATS. 


LIQUIDS. 


Of Water.140 deg. Fahr. 

Sulphur... 143.7 “ 

Sp’nnac’ti 145 “ 

Lead.162 


Of Beeswax... 175 deg. Fahr. 

Zinc. 494 ' “ 

Tin. 500 “ 

Bismuth... 550 “ 


VAPORS. 

Of Water 212° Falir.. 1000 I Of Nitric Acid.550 

Alcohol. 457 | Ammonia.865.9 

Ether. 312.9 | Vinegar.903 

Oil of Turpentine.. 183.8 


LINEAL EXPANSION OF METALS. 


Produced by 'i 

raising their temperatures from 32° to 212 ° 

Fahr. 

Zinc. 

.. 1 part in 322 

Gold. 

1 part 

<4 

in 682 

Platinum.... 

“ 351 

Bismuth. 

719 

Tin (pure ... 

“ 403 

Iron. 

44 

812 

Tin (impure 

). “ 500 

Antimony. 

44 

923 

Silver. 

“ 524 

Palladium. 

4 4 

1000 

Copper. 

“ 581 ■ 

Platinum. 

44 

1100 

Brass. 

“ 584 

Flint Glass. 

44 

1248 
























































163 


TABLE OF THE EFFECTS OF HEAT ON 


DIFFERENT METALS. Fahrenheit. 

Degrees. 

Extremity of the scale of Wedgewood.uncertain. 

Platinum melts.uncertain. 

Wrought Iron fuses. 2910 

Cast Iron melts..'. 2787 

Welding Heat of Bar Iron. 2420 

Fine Gold melts. 2100 

Fine Silver melts. 1850 

Copper melts. 1990 

Brass melts. 1870 

Iron red-hot in daylight. 1207 

Lead melts. 612 

Mercury boils. 600 

Bismuth melts. 476 

Tin 1, and Lead 4, melt. 460 

Tin melts.:. 442 

Tin 3, and Lead 2, or Tin 2, and Bismuth 1, melt, 334 

Tin and Bismuth, equal parts, melt. 283 

Bismuth 5, Tin 3, and Lead 2, melt. 212 


TABLE OF THE EXPANSION OF SOLIDS. 

By increasing the temperature from 32° to 212°, the length of 
the bar at 32° being 1.00000000. 

Glass Tube. 1.00082800 


Platinum. 1.00088420 

Antimony. 1.001083 f >0 

Cast Iron.1.00111111 

Steel. 1.00118999 

Blistered Steel... 1.00112500 
Steel, hardened.. 1.00122502 

Bismuth. 1.00139200 

Silver. 1.00189000 

Tin. 1.00217298 


Gold. 1.00150000 

Lead. 1.00286700 

Brass. 1.00186671 

Wrought Iron... 1.00125800 

Zinc. 1.00294200 

Spelter Solder, 

Brass 2, Zinc.. 1.00205801 
Soft Solder, Lead 

2, Tin 1. 1.00250800 

Copper 8, Tin 1.. 1.00181700 
Palladium. 1.00100000 


THE EXPANSION OF LIQUIDS IN VOLUME 
FROM 32° TO 212° FAHR. 


1000 parts of Water. become 1046 

“ “ Oil. “ 1080 

“ “ Mercury. “ 1018 

“ “ Spirits of Wine. “ 1110 

“ “ Air. “ 1373 








































164 


VOLUME OF A GASEOUS BODY AT DIFFERENT 
TEMPERATURES. 

The table given, on page 165. taken from Lardner’s 
Handbook of Natural Philosophy , shows the changes of 
volume of a gaseous body consequent on given changes 
of temperature. In column V are expressed in cubic 
inches the volumes which a thousand cubic inches of air, 
at 82 degrees Fahrenheit, will have at the temperature in 
degrees Fahrenheit expressed in column T, the air being 
supposed to be maintained constantly at the same pressure. 


COMBUSTION. 


The following table shows the degrees of rarefaction of 
common air, at which the combustion of some inflamma¬ 
ble bodies ceases, both with and without the appendage 
of a coil of platinum wire. 


Olefiant gas ceases to burn 

in air rarefied. 

Carbureted Hydrogen. 

Carbonic Oxide. 

Alcohol.) 

Wax Taper.j 

Sulphureted Hydrogen. 

Sulphur*. 

Phosphorus. 


Without 

Platinum. 


5 to 6 times 


7 

15 to 20 
60 


U 

u 

u 


Witfr 
Platinum. 
11 to 12 times. 
4 “ 

6 “ 

7 to 8 “ 


The temperature necessary to produce combustion is 
different for different substances. Phosphorus combines 
with oxygen itnd burns in the atmosphere if raised to 148 
degrees. Hydrogen will not burn till raised to incan¬ 
descence. According to Sir H. Davy, the temperatures 
necessary to the combustion of the several combustibles 
here named, are in the following order : 


1 Phosphorus. 

2 Phosplioreted Hydrogen. 

3 Hydrogen and Chlorine. 

4 Sulphur. 

5 Hydrogen and Oxygen. 

7 Olefiant Gas. 


7 Sulphureted Hydrogen 

8 Alcohol. 

9 Wax. 

I 1 2 3 4 5 ) Carbonic Oxide. 

11 Carbureted Hydrogen. 














T. 

V. 

T 

. V. 

T 

V. 

T. 

V. 

T. 

V. 

—15) 

... 834.7 

8 . 

.. 951.0 

65 

.. 1007.3 

122 

.. 1183.7 

179 

.. 1300.0 

—IS 

... 836.7 

9 . 

.. 953.1 

00 

.. 1069.4 

123 

.. 1185.7 

180 

.. 1302.0 

—17 

... 838.8 

10 . 

. 9-55.1 

j 67 

.. 1071.4 

124 

.. 1187.8 

181 

.. 1304.1 

—40 

.. 840.8 

11 . 

.. 957.1 

68 

.. 1073.5 

125 

.. 1189.8 

182 

.. 1306.1 

—45 

.. 842.8 

12 . 

.. 959.2 

69 

.. 1075.5 

126 

.. 1191.8 

183 

.. 1308.2 

—44 

.. 844.9 

13 . 

. 901.2 

70 

.. 1077.6 

127 

.. 1193.9 

184 

.. 1310.2 

-48 

.. 846.9 

14 . 

. 963.3 

71 

.. 1079.6 

128 

.. 1195.9 

185 

.. 1312.2 

—42 

.. 849.0 

15 . 

. 965.3 

72 

.. 1081.6 

129 

.. 1198.0 

186 

.. 1314.3 

-41 

.. 851.0 

16 . 

. 967.3 

73 

.. 1083.7 

130 

.. 1200.0 

187 

.. 1316.3 

—40 

.. 853.1 

17 . 

. 969.4 

74 

.. 1085.7 

131 

.. 1202.0 

188 

.. 1318.4 

—89 

.. 855.1 

18 . 

. 971.4 

75 

.. 1087.8 

132 

.. 1204.1 

189 

.. 1320.4 

—38 

.. 857.1 

19 . 

. 973.5 

76 

.. 1089.8 

133 

.. 1206.1 

190 

.. 1322.4 

—37 

.. 859.2 

20 . 

. 975.5 

77 

.. 1091.8 

134 . 

.. 1208.2 

191 

.. 1324.5 

—36 

.. 861.2 

21 . 

. 977.6 

78 

. 1093.9 

135 . 

.. 1210.2 

192 

.. 1326.5 

—35 

.. 863.3 

22 . 

. 979.0 

79 

.. 1095.9 

136 . 

.. 1212.2 

193 

.. 1328.6 

—34 

.. 865.3 

23 . 

981.6 

80 

.. 1098.0 

137 . 

.. 1214.3 

194 

.. 1330.6 

-33 

.. 867.3 

1 24 . 

. 983.7 

81 

.. 1100.0 

138 . 

.. 1216.3 

| 195 

.. 1332.6 

—32 

.. 869.4 

25 . 

. 985.7 

82 

.. 1102.0 

139 . 

.. 121S.4 

196 

.. 1334.7 

—31 

.. 871.4 

26 . 

. 987.8 

83 

.. 1104.1 

140 . 

.. 1220.4 

I 197 

.. 1336.7 

—30 • 

.. 873.0 

27 .. 

. 989.8 

84 

.. 1106.1 

141 . 

.. 1222.4 

198 

.. 1338.8 

-29 . 

.. 875.5 

28 .. 

. 991.8 

85 

.. 1108.2 

142 . 

.. 1224.5 

[ 199 

.. 1340.8 

-28 . 

.. 877.6 

29.. 

. 993.9 

86 

.. 1110.2 

143 . 

.. 1220.5 

200 

.. 1342 9 

-27 . 

.. 879.6 

30 .. 

. 995.9 

1 87 

.. 1112.2 

144 . 

.. 1228.0 

201 

.. 1344.9 

—26 • 

.. 881.0 

31 .. 

. 998.0 

88 

.. 1114.3 

145 . 

.. 1230.0 

202 

.. 1346.0 

—25 . 

.. 883.7 

32 .. 

. 1000.0 

89 . 

.. 1110.3 

140 . 

.. 1232.7 

203 . 

.. 1349.0 

—24 . 

.. 885-7 

33 .. 

. 1002.0 

90 . 

.. 1118.4 

147 . 

.. 1234.7 

204 

.. 1351.0 

—23 . 

.. 887.8 

34 .. 

. 1004.1 

91 . 

. 1120.4 

148 . 

.. 1236.7 

205 . 

.. 1353.1 

—22 . 

.. 889.8 

35 .. 

. 1006,1 

92 . 

.. 1122.4 

149 . 

. 1238.8 

206 . 

.. 1355.1 

—21 . 

. 891.8 

36 .. 

. 1008.2 

93 . 

.. 1124.5 

150 . 

. 1240.8 

207 . 

.. 1357.1 

—20 . 

.. 893.9 

37 .. 

. 1010.2 

94 . 

.. 1126.5 

151 . 

. 1242.9 

208 . 

.. 1359.2 

—19 . 

.. 895.9 

38 .. 

. 1012.2 

95 . 

.. 1128.0 

152 . 

. 1244.9 

209 . 

.. 13-51.2 

—18 . 

. 898.0 

39 .. 

1014.3 

96 . 

.. 1130.6 

1-53 . 

. 1240.9 

210 . 

.. 1363.3 

—17 • 

. 900.0 

40 .. 

1010.3 

97 . 

.. 1132.7 

154 . 

. 1249.0 

211 . 

.. 1365.3 

—16 . 

. 902.0 

41 .. 

1018.4 

98 . 

.. 1134.7 

155 . 

. 1251.0 

212 . 

.. 1367.3 

—15 . 

. 904.1 

42 .. 

1020.4 

99 . 

.. 1136.7 

156 . 

. 1253.0 

213 . 

. 1369 4 

—14 • 

. 906.1 

43 .. 

1022.4 

100 . 

. 1138.8 

157 . 

. 1255.1 

214 . 

. 1371.4 

—13 . 

. 908.2 

44 .. 

1024.5 

101 . 

. 1140.8 

158 . 

. 1257.1 

21.5 . 

1 *>70 e* 

. lo/o.o 

-12 .. 

. 910.2 [ 

45 .. 

1020.5 

102 . 

. 1142.9 

159 . 

. 1259.2 

216 . 

. 1375.5 

—11 .. 

. 912.2 

46 .. 

1028.6 

103 . 

. 1144.9 

100 .. 

. 1201.2 

217 . 

. 1377.5 

—10 .. 

. 914.3 

47 .. 

1030.6 

104 . 

. 1147.0 

161 .. 

. 1263.3 

218 . 

. 1379.6 

— 9 .. 

. 916.3 

48 .. 

1032.7 

105 . 

. 1149.0 

162 .. 

. 1205.3 

219 . 

. 1381.6 

— 8 .. 

. 918.4 1 

49 .. 

1034.7 ; 

100 . 

. 1151.0 

163 .. 

. 1267.3 

220 . 

. 1383.7 

— 7 .. 

. 920.4 

50 .. 

1036.7 

107 .. 

. 1153.1 

164 .. 

. 1269.4 

230 . 

. 1404.1 

— 6 .. 

. 922.5 

51 .. 

1038.8 

108 .. 

. 1155.1 

165 .. 

. 1271.4 

240 . 

. 1424.5 

— 5 •• 

. 924.5 

52 ... 

1040.8 

109 .. 

. 1157.1 

106 .. 

. 1273.5 

250 . 

. 1444.0 

— 4 .. 

926.5 

53 ... 

1042.9 

110 .. 

. 1159.2 

167 .. 

1275.5 

200 .. 

. 1465.3 

— 8 •• 

923.6 

.54 ... 

1044.9 

Ill .. 

. 1161.2 

168 .. 

1277.5 

270 .. 

. 1485.7 

— 2 .. 

930.6 

55 ... 

1046.9 

112 .. 

. 1163.3 

169 .. 

1279.0 

280 .. 

. 1506.1 

— 1 .. 

932.7 

56 ... 

1049.0 

113 .. 

. 1165.3 

170 .. 

1281.0 

290 .. 

. 1526.5 

0 .. 

934 7 

57 ... 

1051.0 

114 .. 

1167.3 

171 .. 

1283.7 

300 .. 

. 1546.9 

1 .. 

936.7 

58 ... 

1053.1 

115 .. 

1109.4 

172 .. 

1285.7 

400 .. 

. 1751.0 

2 

938 8 

59 ... 

1055.1 ; 

110 .. 

1171.4 

173 .. 

1287.8 

500 .. 

1955.1 

3 .. 

940.8 

00 ... 

1057.1 

117 .. 

1173.5 

174 .. 

J 289.8 

600 .. 

2159.2 

4 .. 

942.9 

61 ... 

1059.2 

118 .. 

1175.5 

175 ... 

1291.8 

700 .. 

2363.3 

5 ... 

944.9 

62 ... 

1001.2 

119 .. 

1177.0 

176 ... 

1293.9 

800 .. 

2567.3 

6 ... 

947.0 

63 ... 

1063.3 

120 .. 

1179.0 

177 ... 

1295.9 

900 .. 

277.3.5 

7 

cion 

61 ... 

106;'. 3 

121 ... 

1181.0 

]7S ... 

1298.0 

1000 .. 

2947.1 

















166 


TABLE SHOWING ORDINARY MELTING POINTS 
OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES. 


Name of Substance. 

Degs. Fahr. 

Authority. 

Platinum. 

3082 . 

. Clarke. 

English Wrought Iron... 

2912 . 

. Vauquelin. 

Steel. 

2552 . 

. Pouillet. 

Cast Iron. 

2192 .... 

66 

“ Manganese. 

2282 . 

66 

“ Brown, fusible. 

2192 . 

66 

“ White, “ . 

2012 . 

66 

Gold, very pure. 

2282 . 

66 

Gold Coin. 

2156 . 

l 6 

Copper. 

1922 . 

66 

Brass. 

1859 . 

Daniel. 

Silver, very pure . 

1832 . 

. Pouillet. 

Bronze. 

1652 . 

66 

Antimony. . 

810 ..... 

66 

Zinc. 

705 . 

. G. Moroeau. 

Lead... 

590 . 

. Irvine. 

Bismuth. 

505 . 

. Pouillet. 

Tin. 

446 . 

66 

Sulphur. 

237 . 

. Dumas. 

Soda. 

194 . 

. Gay Lussac. 

Potash.. 

136 . 

Pouillet. 

Phosphorus. 

109 . 

66 

Stearic Acid. 

158 . 

U 

Wax, bleached.. 

154 . 

. Person. 

Margaric Acid. 

140 . 

. Pouillet. 

Stearine. 

109 . 

<< 

Spermaceti. 

120 . 

66 

Tallow. 

92 . 

66 

Ice. 

32 . 

66 

Oil of Turpentine. 

14 . 

66 

Mercury. 

.. — 38.2. 

(( 





























































167 


COLORS EXPRESSIVE OF THE CORRESPONDING 
HIGH TEMPERATURES REDUCED TO FAHREN¬ 
HEIT. (j Becquerel). 


Faint red. 960 degrees Fahr. 

Dull red.1290 

Brilliant red.1470 “ “ 


Cherry red.1650 

Bright cherry red.1830 “ 

Orange.2010 

Bright Orange.2190 “ 

White heat.2370 

Bright white heat.2550 “ 

Brilliant white.2730 “ 

Melting point of cast iron.2786 “ 

Greatest heat of iron blast 

furnace.3300 “ 





















168 


SURVEYING, &c. 


THE MINER’S COMPASS. 

In making surveys with the compass it is very impor¬ 
tant to take into consideration the declination of the 
needle, or its variation from the true meridian. 

Prior to about 1800 the variation was east, or the needle 
was moving eastward. Since that time or about the year 
1805 it began to move westward, and has been doing so 
ever since. The movement seems to be increasing each 
year. About ten or twelve years ago it moved at the rate 
of about five minutes per year, while now it is moving 
about six minutes per year. The variation from the true 
meridian for the Southern Anthracite coal region is now 
about 5° 49' (five degrees 49 minutes) west. 

The variation of the needle is the same underground 
as on the surface. 

The following method may be adopted for finding the 
true north, and this being done, it is easy at any time to 
find the variation of any compass. 

As in the«e northern latitudes the sun is due south at 
twelve o’clock noon (that is, when the sun is at its highest 
point), to obtain its direction then will be to ascertain the 
meridian line, and this may be done by erecting a thin 
vertical rod on a level drawing-board, and observing 
shortly before mid-day, the end of the shadow caused by 
the rod. From this point, and with the rod as a centre, 
describe an arc of a circle, and notice when the end of the 
shadow again touches it; midway between these two 
points, make a mark, and a line drawn from the rod to 
this mark will represent the line of the meridian. This 
line might be extended out to some length, and pegs put 
in, so that the variation of the compass might be observed 
at any time. 



POINTS OF THE COMPASS AND THEIR CORRES¬ 
PONDING ANGLES WITH THE MERIDIAN. 


North. Points. Points. South. 




<=>©« 

.. 2°48'45 // 
.. 5 37 30 . 
.. 8 2615 . 

...0 

:Ja 


N. by E. 

N. by W. 

1 . 

..11 

15 0 

,.1 S. byE. 

■■"S. by W. 



if 

..14 

345 

...VA 




..16 

52 30 

...1 }| 


N N.E. 


\% 

..18 

4115 

...m 


N.N.W. 

2 . 

..22 

30 0 . 

,.2 S.S.E. 

!"s.s.w. 



2M- 

..25 

1845 . 

,.2K 




2g. 

..28 

..80 

730 

5615 



N.E.byE. 

N.W. by N 

. s A '. 

..33 

45 0 , 

...3 S.E. by S 

...314 

.'.’.’.S.W. by S. 


SA. 

..36 

33 45 




3b>. 

m. 

..39 

..42 

2230 , 
1115 . 

,.sk 
...3g 


N.E. ... 

N.W. ... 

4 . 

..45 

0 0 , 

,.4 S.E. ... 

"!s.w. 



f& 

..47 

..50 

4845 . 
37 30 . 

„.4i4 

,.4k 




4%. 

..53 

2615 . 

.A% 


N.E.byE. 

N.W. by W. 

5 . 

..56 

15 0 . 

,5 S.E. byE 

i.’.’s.W. byW. 


5%. 

..59 

345 . 

.. 0 % 



5g„ 

..61 

5230 . 




5% 

..64 

4115 . 

.m 


E.N.E. 

W.N.W. 

6 

..67 

30 0 . 

,6 E.S.E. 

”.W S.W. 



6 b£.. 

.70 

1845 . 

..6% 




i: 

,73 

,75 

730 . 
,5615 . 



E. by N. 

W. by N. 

7 .. 

,78 

45 0 . 

..7 E. byS. 

by S. 

7J4., 

,81 

as 45 . 

..7A 



7k.. 

.84 

2230 . 

.. 7 l A 




m- 

.87 

1115 . 

..1% 


East .... 

West 

8 .. 

.90 

0 0 . 

..8 East 

...West. 


ON THE USE OF THE FOLLOWING TABLE OF 
INCLINE MEASURE. 

In surveying workings when the veins dip at angles 
from the horizontal, the following table to reduce the in¬ 
cline measure to distance upon a level will be a great con¬ 
venience : 





170 


Column 1.—The angle which inclined planes make 
with the horizon, and is found with the gradometer, the¬ 
odolite, &c. 

Column 2.—The vertical height gained on each yard or 
36 inches of horizontal or base measurement, in inches. 

Column 3.—Another way of expressing the amount of 
gradient obtained by dividing the horizontal or base 
measurement by the vertical or sine measurement. 

Column 4.—The length of the base or horizontal meas¬ 
ure of a right-angled triangle, the hypothenuse being one 
or unity. To obtain the horizontal measurement by pro¬ 
portion when the hypothenuse or incline and angle is 
given: 

As 1 : figures in column 4 :: length of plane : the base 
or horizontal measure. 

Example: 

A slope is 870 links in depth, and pitches at 35°. What 
is the horizontal distance, or how long should it be made 
upon the map ? 

Solution: 

Opposite 35' on the first or degree column find .81915 ; 
then as 1: .81915 :: 870 : 712.66 or 712f links nearly. The 
same result will be obtained by deducting the number of 
links per chain by figures in column 6. 

Column 5. —Gives the length of the sine or perpendicular 
side of a right-angled triangle when the hypothenuse is 
1 or unity. 

To find the height gained on a slope or slant when the 
length and degrees are given. 

Example 1: 

In a breast of 400 links in length, pitching 36°, what is 
the vertical height gained ? 

Solution: 

Opposite 36 on column 1 find .58778 as length of sine ; 
then by proportion. 

As 1 : .58778 :: 400 links : 235.112 links, then 235.112X 
7.92—155 feet 2 inches. 


171 


Example 2: 

If a wagon weighing 4 tons is being hoisted up a slope 
of 30°, what is the strain on the rope, independent of 
friction and weight of rope ? 

Opposite 30 on column 1 find on column No. 5 .5 or 
slope length being 1; then as the vertical height is to the 
length-of the slope, so is the strain on the rope to the 
weight or by proportion— 

As .5 : 1 4 tons : 2 tons. 


Column 7.—This column is made by finding the gravity 
due for 1 ton by the last problem, or by multiplying the 
number of pounds in a ton by the sine of the different 
angles. 

Example: 

The weight pulled up a slant is 70 cwt. or 7840 pounds, 
and the pitch is 26°; how much is the weight equal to, if 
hoisted vertically up a shaft, or what is the load on the 
rope ? 

Solution: 

Opposite 26 on column 1 find on column 7 the figures 
981.94; then as 2240 pounds or 1 ton : 981.94 pounds :: 7840 
pounds : 3437 pounds or 30 cwt. 2 qrs. 21 pounds. Then 
from a table of strength of ropes, we find the required 
rope for work, due allowance being made for weight of 
rope, friction, factor of safety, &c. 


Column 8.— Shows the ratio of increase in cubic con¬ 
tents of coal seams from 1° to 50°, and is obtained by 
the formula. 

1X4840 the number of square yards in an acre or figures 
co-sine. in column 4. 

Example: 

How many cubic yards are in afield of 12 acres con¬ 
taining a seam of coal 6 feet thick, at a pitch of 30° ? 
Find opposite 30 in column 1 in column 8 the yards per 
acre, 5588.78; then 6 feet are 2 yards, which is the thick¬ 
ness of vein; then 5588.78X2—11177.56 cubic yards, or 
the contents per acre, and 11177.56 X 12, the number of 
acres,=134,130.72, the contents of the tract. 

M 





172 


TABLE OF INCLINED MEASURES. 


2. 

3. 

4 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

0 63 

... 57.29 ... 

.99985 ... 

.01745 

... 0.01 

... 39.08 

... 4840.72 

1.26 

... 28.63 ... 

.99939 ... 

.03490 

... 0.06 

... 78.18 

... 4842.95 

1.88 

... 19.09 ... 

.99863 ... 

.05234 

... 0.14 

... 117.24 

... 4846.63 

2.51 

... 14.29 ... 

.99756 ... 

.06976 

... 0.24 

... 156.26 

... 4851.83 

3.15 

... 11.42 ... 

.99619 ... 

.08716 

... 038 

... 195.24 

... 4858.51 

3.78 

... 9.51 ... 

.99452 ... 

.10453 

... 0.55 

... 234.14 

... 4866.66 

4.42 

... 8.14 ... 

.99255 ... 

.12187 

... 0.74 

... 272.98 

... 4876.32 

5.06 

... 7.11 ... 

.99027 ... 

.13917 

... 0.97 

... 311.74 

... 4887.55 

5.70 

... 6.31 ... 

.98769 ... 

.15643 

... 1.23 

... 3.50.40 

... 4900.32 

6.34 

... 5.67 ... 

.98181 ... 

.17365 

... 1.52 

... 388.97 

... 4914.65 

6.99 

... 5.14 ... 

.98163 ... 

.19081 

... 1.84 

... 427.41 

... 4930.57 

7.65 

... 4.70 ... 

.97815 ... 

.20791 

... 2.19 

... 465.71 

... 4948.11 

8.31 

... 4 33 ... 

.97437 ... 

.22495 

... 2.56 

... 503.88 

... 4967.31 

8.97 

... 4.01 ... 

.97030 ... 

.24192 

... 2.97 

... 54190 

... 4988.14 

9.64 

... 3.73 ... 

.96593 ... 

.25882 

... 3.40 

... 579.75 

... 5010.71 

10.32 

... 3.48 ... 

.96126 ... 

.275(34 

... 3.87 

... 617.43 

... 5035.05 

11.00 

... 3.27 ... 

.95630 ... 

.29237 

... 4.37 

... 654.90 

... 5061.17 

11.69 

... 3.07 ... 

.95106 

.30902 

... 4.89 

... 692.20 

... 5089.05 

12.39 

... 2.90 ... 

.94552 ... 

.32557 

... 5.45 

... 729.27 

... 5118.87 

13.10 

... 2.74 ... 

.93969 ... 

.34202 

... 6.03 

... 766.12 

... 5150.63 

13.82 

... 2.60 ... 

.93358 ... 

.35837 

... 6.64 

... 802.74 

... 5184.34 

14.51 

... 2.47 ... 

.92718 ... 

.37461 

... 7.28 

... 839.12 

... 5220.12 

15.27 

... 2.35 ... 

.92050 ... 

.39073 

... 7.95 

... 875.23 

... 5258.01 

16.02 

... 2.24 ... 

.91355 ... 

.40674 

... 8 65 

... 911.09 

... 5298.01 

16.78 

... 2.14 ... 

.90631 ... 

.42262 

... 9 37 

... 946.66 

... 5340.33 

17.56 

... 2.05 ... 

.89879 ... 

.43837 

... 10.12 

... 981.94 

... 5385.01 

18.34 

... 1.96 ... 

.89101 ... 

.45399 

... 10.90 

... 1016.93 

... 5432.03 

19.14 

... 1.88 ... 

.88295 ... 

.46947 

... 11.71 

... 1051.61 

... 5481.62 

19.95 

... 1.80 ... 

.87462 ... 

.48481 

... 12.54 

... 1085.97 

... 5533.83 

20.78 

... 1.73 ... 

.86602 ... 

.5 

... 13.40 

... 1120.00 

... 5588.78 

21.62 

... 1.66 ... 

.85717 ... 

.51504 

... 14.28 

... 1153.68 

... 5646.48 

22.49 

... 1.60 ... 

.84805 ... 

.52992 

... 15.19 

... 1187 02 

... 5707.21 

23.37 

... 1.54 ... 

.83867 ... 

.51464 

... 16.13 

... 1219.99 

... 5771.04 

24.28 

... 1.48 ... 

.82904 ... 

.55919 

... 17.10 

... 1252.-58 

... 5838.07 

25.20 

... 1.42 ... 

.81915 ... 

.57358 

... 18.08 

... 1284.81 

... 5908.56 

26.15 

... 1.37 ... 

.80902 ... 

.58778 

... 19.10 

... 1316.62 

... 5982 54 

27.12 

... 1.32 ... 

.79864 ... 

.60181 

... 20.14 

... 1348.05 

... 6060.30 

28.12 

... 1.28 ... 

.78801 ... 

.61566 

... 21.20 

... 1379.07 

... 6142.05 

29.14 

... 1.23 ... 

.77715 ... 

.62932 

... 22.28 

... 1409.67 

... 6228.01 

30.21 

... 1.19 ... 

.76604 ... 

.64279 

... 23.40 

... 1439.84 

... 6318.20 

31.29 

... 1.15 ... 

.75471 ... 

.65606 

... 24.53 

... 1469.57 

... 04,13.05 

32.41 

... 1.11 ... 

.74314 ... 

.66913 

... 25.69 

... 1498.85 

... 6512.90 

33.56 

... 1.07 ... 

.731:35 ... 

.68200 

... 26.86 

... 1527.68 

... 6617.89 

34.76 

... 1.03 ... 

.71934 ... 

.69466 

... 28.07 

... 1356.03 

... 6728.3S 

36.00 

... 1.00 ... 

.70711 ... 

.70711 

... 29.29 

... 1583.92 

... 6844.76 

37.27 

... .96 ... 

.69466 ... 

.71934 

... 30.53 

... 1611.32 

... 6967.43 

38.60 

... .93 ... 

.68200 ... 

.73135 

... 31.80 

... 16:38.22 

... 7096.77 

39.98 

... .90 ... 

.66913 ... 

.74314 

... 33.09 

... 1664.63 

... 7233.27 

41.41 

... .87 ... 

.65606 ... 

.75471 

... 34.39 

... 1690.55 

... 7377.37 

42.90 

... .84 ... 

.64279 ... 

.76604 

... 35.72 

... 1715.92 

... 7529.67 

44.46 

... .81 ... 

.62932 ... 

.77715 

... 37.07 

... 1740.81 


46.07 

... .75 ... 

.61566 ... 

.78801 

... 38.43 

... 1765.14 


47.77 

... .73 ... 

.60181 ... 

.79864 

... 39.82 

... 17S8.95 



TABLE OF INCLINED MEASURES.— Continued. 


1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

54 . 

.. 49.54 ... 

.70 . 

.. .58778 

55 . 

.. 51.41 ... 

.67 . 

.. .57358. 

56 . 

.. 53.36 ... 

.65 . 

.. .55919 

57 . 

.. 55.44 ... 

.62 . 

.. .54464 

58 . 

.. 57-61 ... 

.62 . 

.. .52992 

59 . 

.. 59.92 ... 

.60 . 

.. .51504 

60 . 

.. 62.35 ... 

.58 . 

.. .5 

61 . 

.. 64.94 ... 

.55 . 

.. .48481 

62 .. 

.. 67.69 ... 

.53 . 

.. .46947 

63 " 

' 70.65 ... 

51 . 

.. .45399 

64 " 

‘ 73.80 ... 

.49 . 

.. .43837 

65" 

• 77.20 ... 

.47 . 

.. .42262 

66 " 

• 80.86 ... 

.45 . 

.. .40674 

67 - 

• 84.81 ... 

.42 . 

.. .39073 

68 - 

• 89.10 ... 

.40 ., 

.. .37461 

69- 

• 93.77 ... 

.38 ., 

.. .35837 

70 - 

• 98.91 ... 

.36 ., 

„ .34202 

71 " 

• 104.53 ... 

.34 .. 

„ .32557 

72" 

• 110.80 ... 

.32 .. 

. .30902 

73 " 

• 117.73 ... 

.31 .. 

. .29237 

74 " 

• 125.56 ... 

.29 .. 

. .27564 

75 " 

• 134.37 ... 

.27 .. 

. .2-5882 

76 " 

• 144.40 ... 

.25 .. 

. .24192 

77 " 

■ 155.90 ... 

.23 .. 

. .22495 

78 " 

■ 169.36 ... 

.21 .. 

. .20791 

79 " 

' 185.20 ... 

.19 .. 

. .19081 

80 - 

' 204.10 ... 

.18 .. 

. .17365 

81 - 

227.34 ... 

.16 .. 

. .15643 

82 ... 

. 256 11 ... 

.14 .. 

. .13917 

83 .., 

. 293.13 ... 

.12 .. 

. .12187 

84 

. 342.60 ... 

.10 .. 

. . 10453 

85 ... 

. 411.27 ... 

.09 .. 

. .08716 

86 ... 

, 514.52 ... 

.07 .. 

. .06976 

87 ... 

_ 

_ 

. .05234 

88 ... 

_ 

_ 

. .03490 

89 ... 

- ... 

— ... 

. .01745 


5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

.80902 .. 

. 41.22 . 

... 1812.20 ... 


.81915 .. 

. 42.64 . 

... 1834.89 ... 

’ 02 
fcUD 

.82904 .. 

. 44.08 . 

.. 1857.04 ... 

0> 

.83867 .. 

. 45.54 . 

.. 1878.62 ... 

'O 

.84805 .. 

. 47.01 . 

.. 1899.63 ... 

8 

.85717 .. 

. 48.50 . 

.. 1920.06 ... 


.86602 .. 

. 50.00 . 

.. 1939.88 ... 

a 

.87462 .. 

. 51.52 . 

.. 1959.14 ... 

c 

rO 

.88295 .. 

. 53.05 . 

.. 1977.80 ... 

W 

.89101 .. 

. 54.60 . 

.. 1995.86 ... 

o 

.89879 .. 

. 56.16 . 

.. 2013.28 ... 

> 

.90631 .., 

. 57.74 . 

.. 2030.13 ... 

o 

— 

.91355 ... 

. 59.33 . 

.. 2046.35 ... 

c$ 

.92050 ... 

. 60.93 . 

.. 2061.92 ... 

02 

.92718 ... 

. 62.54 . 

.. 2076 88 ... 

— 

.93358 ... 

, 64.16 . 

.. 2091.21 ... 


.93969 ... 

, 65.80 . 

.. 2104.90 ... 

> 

.94552 ... 

67.44 . 

.. 2117.96 ... 

’So 

.95106 ... 

69.10 . 

.. 2130.37 ... 

0 

.95630 ... 

70.76 . 

.. 2140.11 ... 


.96126 ... 

,72.44 . 

.. 2153.22 ... 


.96593 „. 

74.12 . 

.. 2163.68 ... 

c3 

.97030 ... 

75.81 ., 

.. 2173.47 ... 

Ul 

02 

.97437 ... 

77.50 ., 

,. 2182.58 ... 

O 

C 

.97815 ... 

79.21 .. 

,. 2191.05 ... 

o> 

.98163 ... 

80.92 .. 

,. 2198.85 ... 

p 

.98481 ... 

82.63 .. 

„ 2205.97 ... 

p 

.98769 ... 

84.36 .. 

. 2212.42 ... 

>> 

.99027 ... 

86.08 .. 

. 2218.20 ... 

02 

.99251 ... 

87.81 .. 

. 2223.26 ... 

P 

.99452 ... 

89.55 .. 

. 2227.72 ... 

O 

.99619 ... 

91.28 .. 

. 2231.46 ... 

J> 

.99756 ... 

93.02 .. 

. 2234.53 ... 


.99863 ... 

94.77 .. 

. 2238.93 ... 

02 

.99939 ... 

96.51 .. 

. 2238.63 ... 

+3 

.99985 ... 

98.25 .. 

. 2239.66 ... 

HH 


HOW TO USE THE GRADOMETER, OR GRADING 
LEVEL. 

This instrument is of great utility in finding the pitch 
or angle of slopes, roads, chutes, pipes, &c., and for mak¬ 
ing profiles of breasts or workings, to find the perpen¬ 
dicular height attained when approaching old levels or 
workings full of water or gas. 

To find the angle of dip, place the blade in the groove 
of the leg containing the spirit level; place the other leg 
upon the surface or plane of which you wish to ascertain 



174 


the pitch or angle ; open until the spirit-level shows the 
bubble in the centre of the glass; the angle up to 45 ° 
will be found on the blade. 

To find the angle of dip when it is over 45°, open the 
blade until it makes a right angle with the leg ; place on 
the surface or plane, and fold in the leg containing the 
spirit level until the bubble shows in the centre of the 
glass ; push the blade into the groove, taking care not to 
move the legs, and the degrees indicated taken from 90° 
will be the angle of dip required. 


TO ASCERTAIN THE SCALE OF A PLAN OR MAP, 
WHEN IT IS NOT STATED. 


When the area of any portion is known, the scale may 
be found by measuring that portion by any scale. Then 
use the following formula :— 

a = area as given on the plan. 
s — assumed scale. 
x = correct scale. 
m = area by assumed scale, then 


A/ 


s 2 X a 


m 


— x or, x 


s 2 X « 
m 


USEFUL NUMBERS IN SURVEYING. 


For converting 

Multiples 

Converse. 

Feet into links.. 

. 1.515 

.66 

Yards “ links. 

. 4.545 

.22 

Sq. feet “ acres. 

.0000229 

43560 

Sq. yards “ acres. 

.0002d66 

4840 

Feet “ miles. 

.00019 

5280 

Yards “ miles.. 

.00057 

1760 

Chains “ miles. 

.0125 

80 


COMPUTATION OF ACREAGE. 

Divide the area into convenient triangles, and multiply 
the base of each triangle in links by half the perpen¬ 
dicular in links ; cut off five figures to the right, the re¬ 
maining figures will be acres ; multiply the five figures 
so cut oft by 4, and again cut off five figures, and the re¬ 
mainder is in roods, multiply the five figures by 40, and 
again cut off for perches. 














175 


STEAM-ENGINES, PUMPS, &c. 


Steam is a compound of one part by weight of hydro¬ 
gen, with eight parts by weight of oxygen, making nine 
parts by weight of steam. Its composition by volume is 
one volume of hyydrogen to half a volume of oxygen, 
making one volume of steam in the perfectly gaseous 
state. Hence when steam is in the perfectly gaseous 
state, its density at a given pressure and temperature is 
to that of hydrogen as 9 to 1; to that of oxygen as 9 to 
16; and to that of air as 5 to 8. 

Actual steam, especially if in contact with liquid water 
has almost always a greater density than that correspond¬ 
ing to the perfectly gaseous state. 

The latent heat of steam is the heat which disappears in 
converting one pound of water from the liquid to the 
vaporous state. At the atmospheric boiling point 1 100° 
Cent, or 212° Fahr.) the latent heat of one pound of steam 
is nearly 537 thermal units Cent., or 966 thermal units 
Fahr., that is, nearly equal to the heat which would raise 
the temperature of 537 lbs. of water one Centigrade de¬ 
gree, or 966 lbs. of water one degree of Fahrenheit, and 
its value dimishes by 0.7 of a thermal unit nearly, for 
every increase of one degree in the boiling point. 

The following table, the result of the experiments of 
M. Regnault, gives the sensible and latent heats of steam. 


Tempera¬ 
ture in 

Latent 

Sum of | 

sensible and 

Tempera¬ 
ture in 

Latent. 

Sum of 
sensible and 

degs. 

heat. 

latent 

degs. 

heat. 

latent 

Fahr. 

82° ... 

1092.6 ... 

heats. 

. 1124.6 

Fahr. 

248° ... 

936.6 

heats. 

... 1187.6 

50 ... 

1080.0 ... 

. 1130.0 

266 ... 

927.0 

... 1193.0 

68 ... 

1067.4 .. 

. 1135.8 

284 ... 

914 4 

... 1198.4 

86 ... 

1054.8 .., 

. 1140.8 

302 ... 

901.8 

... 1203.8 

104 ... 

1042.2 ... 

, 1146 2 

320 ... 

899.2 

... 1209.2 

122 ... 

1029.6 ... 

. 1151.6 

338 ... 

874.8 

... 1212.8 

140 ... 

1017 0 .. 

. 1157.0 

356 ... 

862 2 

... 1218.2 

158 ... 

1004.4 .. 

. 1162.4 

374 ... 

849.6 

... 1223.6 

176 ... 

991.8 .. 

. 1167.8 

392 ... 

835.2 

... 1227.2 

194 ... 

979.2 .. 

. 1173.2 

410 ... 

822.6 

... 1232.6 

212 ... 

966.6 .. 

. 1178.6 

428 ... 

808.2 

... 1236.2 

230 ... 

952.2 .. 

. 1182.2 

446 ... 

795.6 

... 1241.6 










176 


EXPANSION OF STEAM. 

Increase of efficiency from expansive working. I = 
initial pressure of steam in lbs. per square inch; R = 
ratio of cut-off, as 2 for 8 for |: M = mean pressure 
throughout the stroke in lbs. per square inch ; T = 
terminal pressure. 

M = ~ X hyp. log (R + 1) -g == T. 


Proportion-of 


Proportion of 


stroke at which 

R. 

stroke at which 

R. 

steam is cut off. 


steam is cut off. 


i 

8 

TU . 

3.33 

i . 

5 

TTT . 

2.5 

4 . 

4 

TU . 

1.66 

3 

8 . 

2.66 

tV . 

1.42 

* 

2 

8 

Tit . 

1.25 

t 

1.6 

i . 

1.14 

f 

1.33 

TTt . 

1.11 

tV . 

10 




To find the elastic force in inches of mercury of satu¬ 
rated steam at a given temperature. E — elastic force 
in inches of mercury ; T = temperature Fahrenheit. 


E = Log. (log. T + 51.8) — 2.1327940X5.13 + 0.1 

T = log. — °- 1 ) -f 2.1327940^ — 51.3 

V 5.13 / 


















177 


PRESSURE OF STEAM AT DIFFERENT TEM¬ 
PERATURES. 


Results of Experiments made by the Franklin Institute. 


Pressure 

Tempera- 

Pressure 

Tempera¬ 

.Pressure 

Tempera¬ 

in inches 

ture in 

in inches 

ture in 

jin inches 

ture in 

of 

degrees 

of 

degrees 

of 

degrees 

Fahr. 

mercury. 

Fahr. 

mercury. 

Fahr. 

mercury. 

30 .... 

.. 212° 

! 135 . 

,. 298.5° 

225 .... 

.. 331° 

45 .... 

.. 235 

150 . 

. 304.5 

240 .... 

.. 336 

60 .... 

.. 250 

165 . 

. 310 

255 .... 

.. 340.5 

75 .... 

... 264 

180 . 

. 315.50 

270 .... 

.. 345 

98 .... 


195 . 

321 

285 .... 

.. 349 

105 .... 
120 .... 

.. 284 
.. 291.5 

210 . 

. 326 

300 .... 

.. 352.5 


PRESSURE OF STEAM AT DIFFERENT TEM¬ 
PERATURES. 


Results of Experiments made by the French Academy. 

An atmosphere is reckoned as being equal to 29.922 inches 
of mercury. 


Pressure 
in atmo¬ 
spheres. 

Tempera¬ 
ture in 
degrees 
Fahr. 

Pressure 

1 in atmo- 
| spheres. 

Tempera¬ 
ture in 
degrees 
Fahr. 

Pressure 
in atmo¬ 
spheres. 

Tempera¬ 
ture in 
degrees 
Fahr. 

1 . 

. 212° 

74 . 

. 336.86° 

19 . 

. 413.78° 

n . 

. 234 

8 . 

. 341.78 

20 .•, 

. 418.46 

2 . 

250.5 

9 . 

. 350.78 

21 . 

. 422.96 

24 . 

, 263.8 

j io . 

. 358.88 

| 22 . 

, 427.98 

3 . 

. 275.2 


366.85 

23 . 

, 431.42 

34 . 

285 

j 12 .. 

. 374 

24 . 

, 435.56 

4 . 

( 293,7 

13 . 

. 380.66 

25 . 

439.34 

44 . 

5 . 

300.3 

14 . 

, 386.94 

30 . 

, 457 16 

307.5 

15 . 

392.86 

35 . 

472.73 

Oj . 

314.24 , 

16 . 

398.48 

40 . 

486.59 

6" . 

320.36 

17 . 

403.83 

45 . 

499.14 

64 . 

326.26 , 

18, . 

408.92 

50 . 

510.6 

7 . 

331.7 































































TABLE OF STEAM USED EXPANSIVELY. 


Initial 
pressure, 
lbs. per 


Average pressure of steam in lbs. per square 
inch for the whole stroke. 


Portion of stroke at which steam is cut off. 


juare 

nch. 

a 

4 

a 

8 

£ 

3 

8 

£ 

£ 

5 

4.8 

4.6 1 

.4.2 

3.7 

30 

1.9 

10 

9.6 

9.2 ! 

8.4 1 

7.4 

5.9 

3.8 

15 

14.5 

13.8 

12.7 

11.2 

8.9 

5.8 

20 

19.3 

18.4 j 

16.9 | 

14.8 | 

11.9 

7.7 

25 

24.1 

22.9 

21.1 

18.6 

14.9 

9.6 

30 

29.0 

27.5 

25.4 

22.3 

17.9 

11.5 

35 

33.8 

32.1 

29.6 

26.0 

20.8 

13.5 

40 

38.6 

36.7 

33.8 

29 7 

23.8 

15.4 

45 

43.4 

41.3 

38.1 

33.5 

26.8 

17.8 

50 

48.3 

45.9 

42 3 

37.2 

29.8 

19.2 

60 

57.9 

55.1 

50 7 I 

44.6 

35.7 

23.1 

70 

67.6 

64.3 

59.2 

52.1 

41.7 

26.9 

80 

77.3 

73.5 

67.7 

59.5 

47.7 

30.8 

9 ) 

86.9 

82.7 

76 1 

66.9 

53.6 

34.6 

100 

96.6 

91.9 

84.6 

74.4 

59.6 

38.5 

110 

! 106.2 

101.1 

93.1 

81.8 

65.6 

1 42.3 

120 

115.9 

! 110.3 

101.5 

89.3 

71 5 

j 46.2 

130 

125.6 

119.4 

110.0 

96.7 

77.5 

! 50.0 

140 

135.2 

128.6 

118.5 

104.1 

83.4 

53.9 

150 

144.9 

137.8 

126.9 

111.6 

89.4 

57.7 

160 

| 154.6 

' 147.0 

135.4 

119 0 

95.4 

61.6 

180 

1 173.9 

165 4 

152.3 

133.9 

| 107.3 

! 69.3 

200 

I 193.2 

1 183.8 

! 169.2 

1 148.8 

119.2 

I 77.0 


DUTY OF STEAM ENGINES. 

The duty of an engine is the work done in relation to 
the fuel consumed. This can easily be determined when 
its consumption of coal per actual horse-power per hour 
is known. 

To find the duty of an engine, divide 166.32 by the 
number of pounds of coal consumed per actual horse¬ 
power per hour; the quotient is the duty in millions of 
pounds. 


































179 


TO FIND THE HORSE-POWER OF STEAM 
ENGINES. 

Indicated Horse-Power. 

A = Aiea of piston in square inches. 

P = Aveiage pressure of steam in lbs. per sq. inch 
in cylinder. 

S = Length of stroke in feet. 

R = Number of revolutions per minute. 
r — Number of revolutions per second. 

Indicated horse-power = —— 

oOjOOO 

__ 2 A P r S 
~ 550 


Nominal Horse-power. 

V = Mean velocity of piston in feet per minute. 
D = Diameter of cylinder in inches. 

S = Stroke of engine in feet. 

H = Nominal horse-power of engine. 

J)2 3/g 

H =- 1 - for high presssure. 


D = ]/15.6 H 


V = 128 t^S 


H = 


D = 


D 2 ^S 

47 

i/~47~H 


for condensing engines. 
Y = 128 i^S 


BOILERS. 

To find the safe pressure for a single-riveted cylindric 
boiler.—D = diameter of boiler in inches, S = safe pres¬ 
sure in lbs. per square inch, T = thickness of plate. 


S = 


T X 8900 
D 


T = - 


SXI> 


8900 











180 


M 44,800 

The constant, 8900, is very nearly equal to — = —g— 

where M, the maximum tensile strength of boiler plate, 
is taken at 20 tons per square inch, and 5 = }, the safe 
strain per square inch. 


Strength of plate. = 1 

Double-riveted joints. 0.7 

Single “ “ . 0.56 


For tables of experiments on the strength of iron boiler 
plates, see ‘ ‘ Strength of Materials. ’ ’ 


WINDING ENGINES. 

According to the second edition of Mr. Greenwell’s 
Practical Treatise on Mine Engineering , if it be required 
tcfdraw 600 tons daily from a shaft, the load, speed and 
power of engine may be adjusted to the depth as follows : 





Time of 

Power of Engines. 

Depth. 

Load. 

Speed. 

Drawing 






Feet 

and 


Allowed 


Fath¬ 


per 

Changing. 

Calcu¬ 

for fric- 


oms. 

Tubs. Cwts. 

second. 

Seconds. 

lated. 

tion, &c. Total. 

50 

2 = 16 

10 

40 

33 

17 

50 

75 

2 16 

14 

40 

45 

22 

67 

100 

2 16 

18 

40 

58 

29 

87 

125 

3 24 

15 

70 

74 

37 

111 

150 

3 • 24 

18 

70 

88 

44 

132 

175 

3 24 

21 

70 

102 

51 

153 

200 

3 24 

24 

70 

117 

58 

175 

225 

3 24 

27 

70 

132 

66 

198 

250 

3 24 

30 

70 

146 

73 

219 

275 

4 32 

24 

90 

157 

78 

235 

300 

4 32 

25 

90 

169 

84 

253 

325 

4 32 

28 

90 

182 

91 

273 

350 

4 32 

30 

90 

196 

98 

294 

375 

4 32 

32 

90 

208 

194 

312 

400 

4 32 

34 

90 

220 

110 

330 







181 


PUMPING ENGINES. 

The power required for pumping, according to Tredgold, 
is found by taking the exact height from the surface of 
the water to the point of discharge—adding H ft. for ( ach 
lift for the force required to give the water the velocity, 
and also ^th of the height for the friction of the piston. 
Call this quantity in feet H, and the diameter of pump A, 
in inches, then 


.341 HA 2 = Load in lbs. 

whence if P = mean effective force on the steam piston 
in lbs. per circular inch, we have 

D = A (^H)i 

the diameter of piston in inches. 

To find the quantity of water which an engine will 
pump from a given depth, multiply the horse-power by 
550, and divide the product by the depth of pit in fath¬ 
oms ; or 

Let H = Horse-power of engine 


F — Depth of pit in fathoms 

• 

G — Quantity of water in | 
gallons per minute J 

Rule for calculating the quantity of water drawn at a 
single stroke in a working barrel of a given diameter :— 
Square the diameter in inches, and divide by 10, for the 
gallons in a 3-ft. stroke. 

The accompanying table, illustrating the duty of pump¬ 
ing engines, is taken from a paper by Mr. J. B. Simpson, 
read before the North of England Institute of Mining 
and Mechanical Engineers (“ Transactions vol. xix., 
p. 201, &c.) 


H X 550 
F 

HX550 

G 

F X G 
550 






182 


TABLE SHOWING QUANTITY OF WATER IN 
IMPERIAL GALLONS, DELIVERED BY A PUMP 
AT EACH STROKE OF THE ENGINE. 


LENGTH OF STROKE. 


Pump, 
in Ins. 

1 ft. 6 in. 

2 ft. 

2 ft. 6 in. 

• 3 ft. 

3 ft. (3 in. 

4 ft. 

8 

0.46 

0.61 

0.76 

0.91 

1.06 

1.22 

4 

0.82 

1.09 

1.36 

1.63 

1.90 

2.17 

5 

1.27 

1.70 

2.12 

2.55 

2.97 

3.40 

6 

1.84 

2.44 

3.05 

3.67 

4.28 

4.89 

7 

2.50 

3.33 

4.16 

4.99 

5.82 

6.66 

8 

3.26 

4.35 

5.43 

6.52 

7.61 

8.70 

9 

4.13 

5.50 

6.88 

8.26 

9.63 

11.01 

10 

5.10 

6.80 

8.50 

10.20 

11.90 

13.60 

11 

6 17 

8.22 

10.27 

12.33 

14.39 

16.45 

12 

7.34 

9.79 

12.23 

14.68 

17.13 

19.58 

18 

8.61 

11.49 

14.36 

17.23 

20.10 

22.98 

14 

9.99 

13.32 

16.65 

19.97 

23.31 

26.65 

15 

11.47 

15.29 

19.11 

22.94 

26.76 

30.59 

16 

13.05 

17.40 

21.76 

26.11 

30.46 

34.81 

17 

14.73 

19.65 

24.56 

29.47 

34.38 

39 30 

18 

16.52 

22.02 

27.53 

33.04 

38.54 

44.05 

19 

18.40 

24.54 

80.67 

36.81 

42.94 

49.08 

20 

20.39 

57.19 

33.99 

40.79 

47.59 

54.39 

21 

22.48 

29.98 

37.47 

44.97 

52.46 

59.96 

22 

24.68 

32.90 

41.13 

49.36 

57.59 

65.81 

23 

26.97 

35.96 

44.95 

53.94 

62.93 

71.93 

24 

29.37 

39.16 

48.95 

58.74 

68.53 

78.32 

25 

31.87 

42.49 

53.11 

63.73 

74.35 

84.98 

26 

34.47 

45.96 

57.45 

68.94 

80.43 

91.92 

27 

37.17 

49.56 

61.95 

74.34 

86.73 

99.13 

28 

39.97 

53.30 

66.62 

79.95 

93.28 

106.61 

29 

42.88 

57.18 

71.47 

85.77 

100.06 

114.36 

30 

45.89 

61.19 

76.48 

91.78 

107.08 

122.38 

31 

49.00 

65.33 

81.66 

98.00 

114 33 

130.67 

32 

52.21 

69.62 

87 02 

104 43 

121.83 

139.24 

33 

55.53 

74.04 

92.55 

111.06 

129.57 

148.08 

34 

58.94 

78.59 

98.24 

117.89 

137.54 

157.19 

35 

62.46 

83.28 

104.10 

124.93 

145.75 

166.57 

36 

66.08 

88.11 

110.13 

132.16 

154.19 

176.22 



i j; 


TABLE SHOWING QUANTITY OF WATER IN 
IMPERIAL GALLONS, DELIVERED BY A PUMP 
AT EACH STROKE OF THE ENGINE {continued). 


Dia. of 
Pump, ' 

in Ins. 4 ft. 6 ill. 5 ft. 5 ft. 0 ill. 


LENGTH OF STROKE. 


3 

1.37 

1.52 

1.68 

4 

2.44 

2.72 

2.99 

5 

3.82 

4.25 

4.67 

6 

5.50 

6.11 

6.73 

7 

7.49 

8.32 

9.16 

8 

9 78 

10.87 

11.96 

9 

12.38 

13.76 

15.14 

10 

15.30 

17.00 

18.70 

11 

18.50 

20.55 

22.62 

12 

22.02 

24.47 

26.92 

13 

25.85 

28.72 

31.59 

14 

29.97 

33.30 

36.64 

15 

34.41 

38.23 

42.06 

16 

39.16 

43 51 

47.86 

17 

44.21 

49.12 

54.03 

18 

49.55 

55.06 

60.57 

19 

55.21 

61.35 

67.48 

20 

61 18 

67.98 

74.78 

21 

67 45 

74.95 

82 44 

22 

74.03 

82.26 

90.49 

23 

80.91 

89.90 

98.90 

24 

88.11 

97.90 

107.69 

25 

95.6.) 

106.22 

116.85 

26 

103.41 

114.90 

126.39 

27 

' 111.51 

123.90 

136.30 

28 

119.93 

133.25 

146.58 

29 

128.65 

142.95 

157.24 

30 

137.67 

152.97 

168.27 

31 

147.00 

163.33 

179.67 

32 

156.64 

174.05 

191.45 

33 

166.59 

185.10 

203.61 

34 

176.83 

196.48 

216.13 

35 

187.39 

208.21 

229.03 

36 

198.24 

220.27 

242.30 


6 ft. 

6 ft. 6 in. 

7 ft. 

1.83 

1.97 

2.13 

3.26 

3.53 

3.80 

5.10 

5 52 

5 95 

7.34 

7.95 

8.56 

9.99 

10.81 

11.65 

13.05 

14.13 

15.22 

16.52 

17.89 

19.27 

20.40 

22.10 

23.80 

24.67 

26.72 

28.78 

29.37 

31.81 

34.26 

34.47 

37.33 

40.21 

39.97 

43.29 

46.63 

45.89 

49.70 

53.53 

52.22 

56.57 

60.92 

58.95 

63.85 

68.77 

66.08 

71.58 

77.09 

73.62 

79.75 

85.89 

81.58 

88.38 

95.18 

89.94 

97.43 

104.93 

98.72 

106.95 

115.17 

107.89 

116.87 

125.87 

117.48 

127.27 

137.06 

127.47 

138.08 

148.71 

137.88 

149.37 

160.86 

148.69 

161.07 

173.47 

159.91 

173.23 

186.56 

171.54 

185.83 

200.13 

183.57 

198.86 

214.16 

196.01 

212.33 

228 67 

208.86 

226.26 

243.67 

222.12 

240.63 

259.14 

235.79 

255.43 

275.08 

249.86 

270.68 

291.50 

264,33 

286.36 

308.38 



184 


TABLE SHOWING QUANTITY OF WATER, IN 
IMPERIAL GALLONS, DELIVERED BY A PUMP 
AT EACH STROKE OF THE ENGINE ( Continued ). 


LENGTH OF STROKE. 


Pump 
in Ins. 

7 ft. 6 ins. 

8 ft. 

8 ft. 6 ins. 

9 ft. 

9 ft 6 ins. 

10 ft.' 

3 

2.28 

2.45 

2.59 

2.74 

2.89 

3.06 

4 

4.07 

4.35 

4.61 

4.89 

5.16 

5.44 

5 

6.37 

6.80 

7.22 

7.65 

8.07 

8.50 

6 

9.17 

9.79 

10.39 

11.00 

11.61 

12.23 

7 

12.48 

13 32 

14.15 

14.98 ' 

15.81 

16.65 

8 

16.31 

17.40 

18.48 

19.57 

20.65 

21.75 

9 

20.64 

22.03 

23.39 

24 77 

26.14 

27.53 

10 

25.50 

27.20 

28.90 

30.60 

32.30 

34.00 

11 

30.84 

32.90 

34.95 

37.00 

39.05 

41.12 

12 

36.71 

39.16 

41.60 

44.05 

46.49 

48.95 

13 

43.08 

45.96 

48.83 

51.70 

54.57 

57.45 

14 

49.96 

53 30 

56.62 

59.95 

63.27 

66.62 

15 

57.35 

61.19 

65.00 

68.82 

72.64 

76.48 

16 

65.27 

69.62 

73.97 

78.32 

82 67' 

87.02 

17 

73.68 

78.60 

83.51 

88.42 

93.33 

98.25 

18 

82.59 

88.11 

93.60 

99.11 

104.61 

110.13 

19 

92.01 

98.17 

104.29 

110.43 

116.56 

122.71 

20 

101.98 

108.78 

115.57 

122.37 

129.16 

135.97 

21 

112.42 

119.93 

127.41 

134.91 

142.40 

149.91 

22 

123.40 

131.63 

139.84 

148.07 

156.29 

164.53 

23 

134.86 

143.86 

152.84 

161.83 

170.81 

179.82 

24 

146 85 

156.65 

166.43 

176.22 

186.01 

195.81 

25 

159.33 

169.97 

180.58 

191.22 

201.82 

212.46 

26 

172.35 

183.85 

195.33 

206.82 

218.31 

229 81 

27 

185.86 

198.26 

210.64 

223.03 

235.41 

247.82 

28 

199.89 

213.22 

226.54 

239.86 

253.18 

266.52 

29 

214.42 

228.72 

243.01 

257.31 

271.16 

285.90 

30 

229.46 

244.76 

260.05 

275.35 

290.64 

305.95 

31 

245.00 

261.35 

277.67 

294.00 

310.33 

326.68 

32 

261.07 

278.48 

295.88 

313.29 

330.69 

348.10 

33 

277.65 

296.16 

314.67 

333.18 

351.69 

370.20 

34 

294.73 

314.39 

334.02 

353.67 

373.31 

392.98 

35 

312.32 

333.15 

353.96 

374.78 

395.60 

416.43 

36 

330.41 

352.44 

374.46 

396.49 

418.51 

440.55 



185 


WATER 


TO FIND THE WEIGHT OF WATER IN PIPES OF 
ANY DIAMETER 1 FOOT LONG. 

1st. Square the diameter in inches, and divide by 3. 

2d (more correctly). Square the diameter in inches, 
and multiply by .34. 

In the two following tables the weight of water has 
been reckoned at 10 lbs. per gallon. 


TABLE OF THE WEIGHT OF WATER CONTAINED IN A 
FATHOM OF PIPES OF ANY DIAMETER ; ALSO 
THE NUMBER OF GALLONS. 


Diameter in inches. 

Weight in Lbs. 

No. of Gallons. 

£ . 

0 51 . 

.051 

1 

2.0 . 

.20 

2 . 

8.1 . 

.81 

3 . 

18 3 . 

. 1.83 

4 

32.6 . 

. 3.26 

5 . 

51.0 . 

. 5.10 

6 

73.4 . 

. 7.34 


99.9 . 

. 9.99 

8 . 

. 130.5 . 

. 13.05 

9 . 

. 165.2 . 

. 16.52 

10 . 

. 204.0 . 

. 20.40 

11 

.... 246.8 . 

. 24.68 

12 

. 293.7 . 

. 29.37 

13 

. 344.7 . 

. 34.47 

14 

. 399.8 . 

. 39.98 

15 . 

. 459.0 . 

. 45.90 

1G . 

. 522.2 . 

. 52.22 

17 

589.5 . 

. 58.95 

18 

660 9 . 

. 66.09 

19 

. 736.4 . 

. 73 64 

2) . 

. 816.0 . 

. 81 60 

21 

. 899.6 . 

. 89.96 

22 ::::::::::::::: 

. 987.3 . 

. 98.73 

23 ... 

. 1079.1 . 

. 107.91 

24 . 

. 1175.0 . 



The following simple rule will be found useful to ascer¬ 
tain the weight of water in pipes Square the diameter 
in inches ; the result will be the weight in pounds avoir¬ 
dupois in a 3-ft. length. 





















































186 


TABLE SHOWING THE WEIGHT IN POUNDS, 
AND MEASURE IN GALLONS, OF WATER 
CONTAINED IN WELLS AND PITS OF ANY 
DIAMETER, FOR 1 FOOT IN DEPTH. 

Note.—T he number of gallons is found by squaring the dia¬ 
meter in feet, and multiplying by 4.895 (the number of gallons 
in a cylinder 1 ft. diameter and 1 ft deep). 


Diameter. 
Ft. in. 


Measure in Gallons. 

Weight in L 

2 0 . 


. 19.580 . 

. 195.80 

2 6 . 


. 30.594 . 

. 305.94 

3 0 . 

. 

. 44.055 . 

. 440.55 

3 6 . 


. 60.964 . 

. 609.64 

4 0 . 


. 78.320 . 

. 783.20 

4 6 . 


. 99.124 . 

. 991.24 

5 0 . 


. 122.375 . 

. 1.223.75 

6 0 . 


. 176.220 . 

. 1,762.20 

7 0 . 


. 239.855 . 

. 2,398.55 

8 0 . 


. 313.280 . 

. 3,132.80 

9 0 . 


. 396.495 . 

. 3,964.95 

10 0 . 


. 489.500 . 

. 4.895.00 

11 0 . 


. 592.295 . 


12 0 . 


. 704.880 . 

. 7,048.80 

13 0 . 


. 827.255 . 

. 8,272.55 

14 0 . 


. 959.420 . 

. 9,594.20 

15 0 . 


. 1101.375 . 

.11,013.75 

16 0 . 


. 1253.120 . 

.12,531.20 

17 0 . 


. 1414.655 . 

.14,146.55 

18 0 . 


. 1585.980 . 


19 0 . 


. 1767.095 . 

.17,670.95 

20 0 . 


. 1958.000 . 



TO ASCERTAIN THE NUMBER OF IMPERIAL 
GALLONS CONTAINED IN ANY CISTERN, 
The Cubic Contents ha vino been found. 
Contents in cubic feet X 6.232 
Or, contents in cubic inches X .003607 
Q r contents in cubic inches 


277.274 
















































187 


TO ASCERTAIN THE PRESSURE OF WATER IN 
PIPES AT VARIOUS DEPTHS. 


Rule 1. 

Head of water in feet X 62.5 . „ 

- yrg - = pressure in lbs. per sq. in. 


Head of water in feet X 62.5 
2240 


Rule 2. 

= pressure in tons per sq. ft. 


Example 1 . — What is the pressure per square inch on 
a pipe having a head of water of 30 feet ? 

^-18.02 lbs. 

Example 2.—What is the pressure per square foot on 
a pipe having a head of water of 120 feet ? 

120 X 62.5 


2240 


-=3.34 tons. 


As it has been found by experiment that a cast-iron 
pipe 15 inches diameter, f in. thick, will be sufficiently 
strong for a head of 600 ft., the following rule is given to 
ascertain the thickness of metal in a pipe, when its di¬ 
ameter and the head of water are given. 

Head of water in ft. X size of pipe in in. X % _thickness of met- 
9000 al in inches. 


TABLE SHOWING THE PRESSURE ON PIPES 
WITH VARIOUS HEADS OF WATER. 


Height of Water, 
in Feet. 

20 

Pressure per Sq. in., 
in Lbs. 

. 8.68 . 

Pressure per Sq, 
in Tons. 

. 0.55 

25 

. 10.85 . 

. 0.69 

30 

13.02 . 

. 0.83 

35 

. 15.19 . 

. 0.97 

40 . 

. 17.35 . 

. 1.11 

45 

. 19 53 . 

. 1.25 

50 . 

. 21.70 . 

. 1.39 

55 . 

.. 23.87 . 

. 1.53 


N 

























188 


TABLE SHOWING THE PRESSURE ON PIPES 
WITH VARIOUS HEADS OF WATER (continued). 


Height of Water, 

Pressure per Sq. in., 

Pressure per Sq. 

in Feet. 

in Lbs. 

in Tons. 

60 . 

. 26.04 . 

. 1.67 

65 . 

. 28.21 . 

. 1 81 

70 . 

. 30.37 . 

. 1.95 

75 . 

. 32.55 . 

. 2.09 

80 .. 

. 34.72 . 

. 2.23 

85 . 

. 36.89 . 

. 2.37 

90. 

. 39.06 . 

. 2.51 

95 . 

. 41.23 . 

. 2.65 

100 . 

. 43.40 . 

. 2.79 

105 . 

. 45.57 . 

. 2.92 

110 . 

. 47.74 . 

. 3.06 

115 . 

. 49.91 . 

. 3.20 

120 . 

. 52.08 . 

. 3.34 

125 . 

. 54.25 . 

. 3.48 

130 . 

. 56.42 . 

. 3.62 

135 .. 

. 58.59 . 

. 3.76 

140 . 

. 60.76 .... 

. 3.90 

145 . 

. 62.93 . 

. 4.04 

150 . 

. 65.10 . 

. 4.18 

160 . 

. 69.44 . 

. 4.46 

170 . 

. 73.78 . 

. 4.73 

180 . 

. 78.13 . 

. 5.02 

190 . 

. 82.46 . 

. 5.30 

200 . 

. 86.80 . 

. 5.58 

210 . 

. 91.14 . 

. 5.85 

220 . 

. 95.48 . 

. 6.13 

230 . 

. 99.82 . 

. 6.41 

240 . 

. 104.16 . 

. 6.69 

250 . 

. 108.50 . 

. 6.97 

260 . 

. 112.84 . 

. 7.25 

270 . 

. 117.18 . 

. 7.53 

280 . 

. 121.52 . 

. 7.81 

290 . 

. 125.86 . 

. 8.09 

300 . 

. 130.20 . 

. 8.37 

310 . 

. 134.54 . 

. 8.64 

320 . 

. 138.88 . 

. 8.92 

330 . 

. 143.22 . 

. 9.20 

340 . 

.. 147.56 . 

. 9.48 

350 . 

. 151.90 . 

. 9.76 
















































































189 


TABLE SHOWING THE PRESSURE ON PIPES 
WITH VARIOUS HEADS OF WATER {continued). 


Height of Water, 

Pressure per Sq. in., Pressure per Sq. foot. 

m Feet. 


in Lbs. 

in Tons. 

360 

....... 

. 156.25 . 

10.04 

370 


. 160.59 . 

10.32 

380 


. 164.93 . . 

10.60 

390 


. 169.27 . 

10.88 

400 


. 173.61 . 

11.16 

410 


. 177.95 .. 

11.43 

420 


. 182.29 . 

11.71 

430 


. 186.63 . 

11.99 

440. 


. 190.97 . 

12.27 

450 


. 195.31 . 

12.55 

460 


. 199.65 . 

12.83 

470 


. 203.99 . 

13.11 

480 


. 208.33 . 

13.39 

490 


. 212.67 . 

13.67 

500 


. 217.01 . 

13.95 

600 


. 260.41 . 

16.74 

FRICTION OF WATER IN PIPES. 

Comparison op 

Boulton and Watt’s and Weisbach’s 



Formula. 



For Velocities of 2 feet per second . 


Diameter 


Head in feet per mile required 

of Pipe 


to balance Friction. 

in Inches. 


By Boulton & Watt. By Weisbach. 

3 .... 


. 36.00 . 

. 34.79 

6 . 


. 18.00 . 

. 17.37 

12 .... 


. 9.00 . 

. 8.71 

24 . 


. 4.50 . 

. 4.33 


For Velocities of 3 feefper second. 


3 . 


. 81.00 . 

. 71.28 

6 ..... 


. 40.50 . 

. 35.85 

12 .... 


. 20.25 . 

. 17.89 

24 . 


. 10.12 . 

. 8.98 


For Velocities of 7 feet per second. 


3 . 


. 441.00 . 

. 335.28 

6 . 


. 220.50 . 

. 197.90 

123 . 


.110.25 . 

. 83.95 

24 . 


. 55.12 . 

. 41.92 























































190 


STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 


ROPES AND CHAINS. 


Cohesion of hemp fibres = 6400 lbs. per square inch 
of transverse section. For safe load , multiply the square 
of the girth by 200, and the product will be the strain in 
lbs. For cables X120 instead of 200. For utmost strength , 
take one-fifth of the square of the girth to express the 
tons it will carry. Tarred cordage is always weaker than 
white ; for, according to Du Hamel, white is one-third 
more durable, retains its force much longer while kept in 
store, and resists the ordinary injuries of the weather one- 
fourth longer.—( Gregory .) The greatest stress on a rope 
should not be above 700 times its weight per fathom.— 
( Tredgold .) 

The mean of a variety of Ropemaker’s Cards gives the 
following approximate rule : — 

Breaking strain: 


For hemp ropes (flat or round)... 1 ton ) , , lh 

“ iron wire ropes, nearly.2 tons [ fathom ^ 


steel wire ropes, nearly.3 tons J 


The working load is from one-fifth to one-seventh of 
breaking strain. 


WEIGHT AND STRENGTH OF FLAT ROPES. 


Steel Wire. 

Iron Wire. 

Hemp of Equiv’t Strength 

Size in 

Wghtl 

Size in 

Wght 

Size in 

Wght 1 

-S M'S 


inches. 

per 
fath. j 

inches. 

per 

fath. 

inches. 

per 

fath. 

o C § 
£ - 

2.2 J 

Inches. 

Lbs. 

_ 

Inches. 

Lbs. 

Inches. 

Lbs. 

Cwts. 

Tons. 

3| by | 

18 

41 by 1 

30 

81 by 24 

45 

120 

46 

3 “ f 

16 

4] “ -H 

27 

m “ 2* 

40 

108 

40 

21 “ * 

14 

14 “ f 

24 

7 “ 11 

36 

96 

36 



3f “ | 

22 

61 “ 14 

32 

1 88 

32 

at “ i 

121 

31 “ H 

20 

6 “ 1£ 

i 28 

80 

28 



31- “ 4 

18 

54 “ H 

' 27 

72 

27 

2 “ | 

10 

3 “ £ 

16 

i 4 s 2 

51 “ If 

j 26 

64 

26 

n “ * 

8 

21 “ A 

14 

54 “ 14 

24 

56 

24 



03 «i 1 
*4 2 

12 

l5 14 

22 

48 

22 



2 “ 4 

10 

4 “ U 

20 

40 

20 



>11 “ 1 

8' 

i3 “ 1 

16 

32 

16 



























191 


TABLE OF THE WEIGHT AND STRENGTH OF 


Diameter. 

Inches. 

:::::: 

® :::::: 
:::::: 
of 

OH. 

oi . 

OH. 

It 1 * -. 

H . 


CHAIN. 


Weight 

per 

fathom 

Proof 

Strength 

Diameter. 

Weight 

per 

fathom 

Proof 

strength 

Lbs. 

Tons. 

Inches. 

Lbs. 

Tons. 

5^ . 

1.27 

It* . 

.. 76 .. 

.... 29 

8 . 

1.83 

n . 

.. 84 .. 

.... 32 

10£. 

. 2.5 

i*. 

.. 93 .. 

.... 35 

13f. 

4 

it . 

.. 102 .. 

.... 38 

17 . 

5 

It* . 

.. Ill ... 

.... 41 

22 . 

6 

1* . 

.. 120 ... 

. 44 

26 . 

7.25 

1 T 9 * . 

.. 128 .. 

. 48 

30 . 

, 10 

1 5 

- 1 * . 

.. 136 ... 

... 52 

36 . 

11 5 

m . 

. 142 .. 

.... 56 

42 . 

13 

if. 

. 148 ... 

.... 60 

49 . 

15 

hi. 

,. 150 ... 

.... 65 

55 . 

18 

if . 

. 162 ... 

.... 70 

60 . 

22 

m . 

. 171 ... 

.... 75 

68 . 

26 

2 . 

. 180 ... 

.... 80 


TO FIND THE BREAKING STRAIN OF HEMP 
ROPES. 

Breaking weight in tons = circ umference^squared in ins. 

Example .—What is the breaking weight of a rope 8 in¬ 
ches in circumference ? 


1X8=16 tons. 

4 


To find the weight which may be safely appended to a 
hemp rope : — 


W = 


circumference squared in inches 

To 


Example .—What weight might be safely appended to 
a hemp rope 10 inches in circumference ? 

10 2 

— = 10 tons. Answer. 

10 


HOW TO USE WIRE ROPE. 

Wire ropes used for hoisting are manufactured with 19 
wires to the strand. They are made with 6 strands, 
with a centre of hemp or wire, the former being more 




























































192 


pliable, and will wear better over small pulleys and 
drums. They are made of iron or steel, and sometimes 
up to three inches in diameter. 

In the machinery for wire rope the drums and sheaves 
should be made as large as possible. Wire rope is as pli¬ 
able as new hemp rope of the same strength, and can be used 
on the same sized sheaves and pulleys, but the greater the 
diameter of the sheaves, pulleys or drums, the longer 
wire rope is found to wear. It is found that the wear in¬ 
creases with the speed. It is therefore better to increase 
the load than the speed. 

It injures wire rope to coil or uncoil it like hemp rope. 
All untwisting or kinking should be avoided. When not 
on a reel, it should be rolled on the ground like a wheel, 
to prevent kinking. Raw linseed oil applied with a piece 
of sheepskin, wool inside, will preserve wire rope. The 
oil can be mixed with equal parts of Spanish brown or 
lamp black When the wire is under water or under 
ground, take mineral or vegetable tar, and add one bushel 
of fresh slacked lime to one barrel of tar, which will neu¬ 
tralize the acid. Boil well, and add saw dust to give the 
mixture body, and then saturate the rope with it. 

Steel ropes are, to some extent, taking the place of iron 
ropes, where lightness combined with strength is required. 
In substituting a steel rope for an iron running rope, the 
object in view should be rather to increase the wear rather 
than to reduce the size. A safe working load is from one- 
fifth to one-seventh of the ultimate strength, according 
to speed. When wire ropes are substituted for hemp 
ropes, the same weight per foot should be allowed for the 
former as experience has approved for the latter. 

The grooves of cast iron pulleys and sheaves should be 
filled with well-seasoned blocks of hard wood set on end, 
to be renewed when worn out. This end wood will save 
wear and increase adhesion. The smaller pulleys or roll¬ 
ers, which support the ropes on inclined planes, should 
be constructed on the same plan. When large sheaves 
run with very great velocity, the grooves should be lined 
with leather, set on end, or with India rubber. This is 
done in the case of all sheaves used in the transmission of 
power between distant points by means of rope, which fre¬ 
quently run at the rate of 4,000 feet per minute. 

The following tables show the different sizes and weights 
of hoisting rope manufactured by the principal manufac¬ 
turers : 


193 


STANDARD HOISTING ROPES WITH 19 WIRES 
TO THE STRAND. 


Iron. 


Trade No. 

Circumference 
in inches. 

© 

-P 

© 

g 

3 

S 

Weight per ft. 
in lbs. of 

Rope with 
Hemp Cen. 

Breaking 

strain in 

tons of 2,000 

pounds. 

Proper work¬ 

ing load in 
tons of 2,000 

pounds. 

Circumference 

of Hemp Rope 

of equal 
strength. 

Min. size of 

drum or 

sheave in feet. 

1 

Of 

2* 

8.00 

74 

15 

15* 

8 

2 

6 

2 

6.30 

65 

13 

14* 

7 

3 

5* 

If 

5.25 

54 

11 

13 

6 * 

4 

5 

l| 

4.10 

44 

9 

12 

5 

5 • 

4f 

1* 

3.65 

39 

8 

11* 

4f 

6 

4 

If 

2.50 

27 

5 * 

9* 

4 

7 

3* 

li 

2.00 

20 

4 

8 

3* 

8 

3* 

l 

1.58 

16 

3 

7 

3 

9 

2f 

1 

1.20 


2* 

6 

2f 

10 

2* 

f 

0.88 

8.64 

If 

5 

2* 

m 

2 


0.70 

5.13 

if 

4* 

2 

10* 

u 

T6 

0.44 

4.27 


4 

If 

I0f 

l* 

* 

0.35 

3.48 

f 

3* 

1* 


Cast Steel. 


1 

6f 

2* 

8.00 

1 130 

26 


9 

2 

6 

2 

6.30 

100 

21 


8 

3 

5* 

If 

5.25 

78 

17 

15f 

7* 

4 

5 

If 

4.10 

64 

13 

14* 

6 

5 

4f 

1* 

3.65 

55 

11 

13* 

5* 

6 

4 

1* 

2.50 

39 

8 

11* 

5 

7 

3 * 

1* 

2.00 

30 

6 

10 

4* 

8 

3* 

1 

1.58 

24 

5 

9 * 

4 

9 

at 

7 

t 

1.20 

20 

4 

8 

3 f 

10 

2* 

2 . 

4 

0.88 

13 

3 

6 * 

3* 

10* 

2 

f 

0.70 

9 

2 

5* 

3 

10* 

If 

T6 

0.44 

6* 

1* 

4f 

2 f 

lOf 

1* 

* 

0.35 

5 * 

1 

4* 

2 


Note.— The weight of Wire Centre Ropes is 10 per cent, more 
than that of Ropes with Hemp Centres. 



























194 


TO FIND THE ULTIMATE TRANSVERSE 
STRENGTH OF BEAMS. 

1.—Beam supported at both ends, and loaded in middle: 

Let L = length in inches. 

B =: breadth “ 

D = depth ‘ ‘ 

W = breaking weight in lbs. 

f 1672 for English Oak. 

| 1556 “ beech. 

| 1013 “ elm. 

M _ \ 1632 “ pitch pine. 

1Vi— J 1341 “ red pine. 

900 “ larch. 

I 9000 “ wrought iron. 

[ 6000 “ cast iron. 

w J 2 X B x 4 x M. or w = 4 D x B D x M 
L L 

These rules show how to find the weight that will 
break the beams ; when the weight that may be safely 
placed upon them is not more than one-third for a steady, 
or one-sixth for a moving or suddenly applied load; and 
in the case of timber, beams that have to bear a perma¬ 
nent load should not be more than one-tenth, in order to 
allow for the effect of decay. 


STRENGTH OF ROLLED IRON BEAMS. 


B W 

Depth 
of beam. 
Inches. 

= Breaking weight distributed in tons. 

Size of B. W. FOR DIFFERENT SPANS. 

In. In. 

10 ft. 

15 ft. 

20 ft. 

25 ft. 

5 . 

2 X * ... 

... 6.6 

— 

— 

_ 

6 . 

X * ... 

... 10 

. 6.6 ... 

... 5 . 

— 

7 . 

3 X * ... 

... 14 

. 9 ... 

... 7 . 

,. 5 

8 . 

3 X f ... 

... 20 

. 13 ... 

... 10 . 

.. 8 

9 . 

4 X 1 

... 36 

. 24 ... 

... 18 . 

.. 14 

10 . 

4* X 1 ... 

... 60 

. 40 ... 

... 30 .... 

.. 24 





































195 


STRENGTH OF COLUMNS. 

TABLE OF PRACTICAL FORMULA BY WHICH TO DETERMINE 
THE AMOUNT OF WEIGHT A COLUMN OF GIVEN DIMEN¬ 
SIONS WILL SUPPORT, IN POUNDS. 

For a rectangular column of cast iron....W — 153CK) lb 3 

45 2 +.18Z 2 

For a rectangular col. of malleable iron. W — 17800 l b 8 

4 & 2 -f- .16 V s 


For a rectangular column of oak.W — - 

4 5 2 .5 l 2 

For a solid cylinder of cast iron.W = _ ^ 4 

4d 2 + .18Z 2 

For a solid cylinder of malleable iron....W — 

4 d 2 -(- .16 Z 2 

Fora solid cylinder of oak.W=—2470 

4d 2 +.5? 2 


Note.—W =• tbe weight the column will support in 
lbs.; b = the breadth in inches; l — the length in feet; d 
= the diameter in inches. 


APPROXIMATE RULE FOR THE STRENGTH OF 
RECTANGULAR PILLxlRS OF WOOD. ( Molesicorth .) 


L = Length of pillar. 

B = Breadth of ditto. 

W = Crushing weight in lbs. per square inch of section. 
Safe load per square inch of sectional area = —:• 


Material. 


Values of W when L. or Length. = 


8 B. 12 B. 24 B. 36 B. 48 B. 

Oak. 5500 .... 4600 .... 2700 ... 1800 ... 900 

Ash. 6000 ... 5000 .... 8000 .... 2000 ... 1000 

Red pine.4890 ... 4000 ... 2400 .... 1600 .... 800 














196 


RELATIVE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS IN LONG 
COLUMNS. 


Cast Iron being assumed as.= 1000 

Wrought Iron.= 1745 

Cast Steel.= 2518 

Oak.= 109 

Red Deal.= 78£ 


RELATIVE STRENGTH OF ROUND AND FLAT 
ENDS IN LONG COLUMNS. 


Both ends rounded, 1 strength.= 1 

One end flat and firmly fixed, 1 strength.= 2 

Both ends fiat and firmly fixed.= 3 


RELATIVE STRENGTH OF SECTION IN LONG 
SOLID COLUMNS. 


Cylindrical. 100 

Triangular. 110 

Square. 93 


HOLLOW COLUMNS. 

The strength nearly equals the difference between that 
of two solid columns the diameters of which are equal to 
the external and internal diameters of the hollow one. 


RELATIVE BREAKING WEIGHT PER SQUARE 
INCH OF WROUGHT AND CAST IRON PILLARS. 






Wrought 

Cast 





Tons. 

Tons. 

Ratio of least thickness to height..., 

• TU 

15.5 

28.6 

66 

c< 

66 

To 

14.2 

17.9 

66 

66 

6 6 

1 

13.0 

13.0 

a 

66 

66 

1 

12.4 

11.0 

cc 

66 

66 


10.5 

7.1 

















197 


SAFE LOAD FOR HOLLOW CAST IROX PILLARS. 


Thick- LENGTH OF PILLAR, 

ness External -- 


of 

diameter. 

Sft. 

10 ft. 

12 ft. 

14 ft. 

10 ft. 

metal. 


Inches. 

Tons. 

Tons. 

Tons. 

Tons. 

Tons. 

f 

8 

4.0 

3.2 

2.3 

1.8 

1.4 


3 * 

5.9 

5.1 

3.6 

2.7 

2.3 


4 * 

8.1 

6.1 

4.7 

3.6 

3.4 

4 in . 

44 

10.6 

8.1 

6.5 

5.0 

4.4 



5 

13.3 

10.4 

8.3 

6.7 

5.4 



54 

15.3 

12.9 

10.5 

8.5 

7.0 


< 

* 6 “ 

19.0 

15.5 

12.7 

9.5 

8.7 


r 

3 

4.7 

3.5 

2.6 

2.0 

1.6 



34 

7.1 

5.3 

4.2 

3.2 

2.5 



4 ' 

9.2 

7.3 

5/6 

4.4 

3.9 



4 £ 

12.8 

9.9 

7.7 

6.1 

5.5 

| in . - 


5 

16.1 

12.7 

9.1 

8.1 

7.0 



54 

18.7 

15.7 

12.8 

10.4 

8.8 



6 ~ 

23.2 

19.0 

15.6 

12.8 

10.6 



64 

86.9 

22.4 

18.7 

15.2 

13.0 



7 

30.7 

26.0 

21.9 

18.5 

15.6 


r 

3 

5.4 

3.8 

2.8 

2.2 

1.7 



34 

8.1 

6.2 

4.4 

3.5 

* 2.6 



4 

11.3 

8.5 

6.5 

4.8 

3.8 



44 

14.9 

11.5 

8.9 

7.2 

60 

fin . - 


5 

18.8 

14.8 

11.7 

9.0 

7.7 



54 

21.8 

18.4 

14.9 

12.1 

10.2 



6 " 

27.2 

22.3 

18.3 

15.0 

12.5 



6 ^ 

31.6 

26.3 

21.9 

17.8 

15.3 



7 

36.1 

30.6 

25.8 

21.7 

18.4 


r 

4 

13.9 

10.4 

8.0 

6.4 

4.8 



44 

18.5 

14.3 

11.1 

8.8 

7.1 



5 

23.6 

18.6 

14.8 

11.9 

9.6 



54 

27.6 

23.2 

18.9 

15.3 

12.7 



6 " . 

34.5 

2 S ]3 

23.2 

19.1 

15.9 

1 in . -1 

6 j 

40.3 

33.6 

28.0 

22.8 

19.6 



7 

46.2 

39.1 

33.0 

27.8 

23.6 



74 

52.2 

44.9 

38.3 

32.6 

27.9 



8 

58.3 

50.7 

43.8 

37.7 

32.5 



8 J 

64.3 

56.5 

49.4 

42.9 

37.3 



9 

70.5 

62.7 

55.3 

48.1 

42.3 










198 


TABLE OF THE RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS TO 
CRUSHING BY A DIRECT THRUST. 


In Pounds Avoirdupois per Square Inch. ( Rankine ). 


Materials. 

Brick. 

“ Fire. 

Chalk. 

Granite. 

Limestone, Marble.. 
Sandstone, ordinary, 


Resistance to 
crushing. 

. 1,100 

. 1,700 

. 330 

5,500 to 11,000 

. 5,500 

3,300 to 4,400 


{Rubble masonry , about four-tenths of cut stone.) 


Brass, Cast. 



10,300 

Iron, Cast, vaiious qualities— 

.82,000 to 

145,000 

“ Wrought. 



40,000 

Ash. 

.crushed along the grain, 

9,000 

Beech. 


do. 

9,360 

Birch. 


do. 

6,400 

Box. 


do. 

10,300 

Elm. 


do. 

10,300 

Red Pine. 


do. 5,375 to 6,200 

American Yellow Pine.. 


do. 

5,40© 

Lignumvitae. 


do. 

9,900 

Mahogany. 


do. 

8,200 

Oak, British. 


do. 

10,000 

“ Dantzic. 


do. 

7,700 

American Red. 


do. 

6,000 


Note.— The resistances stated are for dry timber. Green tim¬ 
ber is much weaker, having sometimes only half the strength 
of dry timber against crushing. 






















199 


TABLE OF THE RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS TO 
BREAKING ACROSS. 

In Pounds Avoir, per Sq. Inch. ( Rankine .) 


Note.— The modulus of rupture is eighteen times the load 
which is required to break a bar of one inch square, supported 
at two points one foot apart, and loaded in the middle between 
the points of support. 


Resistance to 

, ; . , breaking or modulus 

Materials. of rupture. 


Sandstone.1,100 to 2,360 

Slate. 5,000 

Iron, cast, open-work beams, average. 17,000 

Iron, cast, solid. 40,000 

Ash. 12,000 to 14,000 

Beech.9,000 to 12,000 

Birch. 11,700 

Elm.6,000 to 9,700 

Red Pine.7,100 to 9,540 

Spruce.9,900 to 12,300 

Lignum Vitae. 12,000 

Oak, British and Russian.10,000 to 13,600 

“ Dantzic... 8,700 

“ American Red. 10,600 

Sycamore. 9,600 


GREATEST SAFE LOAD, PER SUPERFICIAL FOOT. 


On Granite piers is. 40 tons. 

Portland stone piers. 13 “ 

Bath “ “ . 8 “ 

Brickwork in cement. 3 “ 

Rubble masonry. 2 “ 

Lime concrete foundation... 2£ “ 


[The height of brick or stone piers should never exceed 
12 times their least thickness at base.] 
























NOTES ON STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 


{From Molesworth.) 

Wet timber is not so strong as dry ; in some cases it is 
not half the strength of dry. 

Cold-blast iron is stronger than hot-blast. 

Annealing cast-iron diminishes its tensile strength. 

Re-melting (up to ten or twelve meltings) or prolonged 
fusion, increases the strengh and density of cast iron. 
Softer irons will best bear re-melting. 

Indirect strains reduce the tensile strength ©f cast iron. 

Additional strength should be given to cast iron girders 
that take the load on one side of the bottom flange. 

The tenacity of cast iron is only one-third that of 
wrought iron, and should not be subjected to more than 
one-sixth of the breaking strain. 

Tensile strain on -wrought iron should not exceed one- 
fourth of the breaking weight. 

Annealing iron wire diminishes its strength. 

High temperature in casting is injurious to gun-metal. 

Plated webs are more economical than braced webs in 
shallow girders, or near the ends of long girders. In 
small lattice girders it is better to make the lattices uni¬ 
form throughout. 









201 


SPECIFIC GRAVITY, WEIGHT AND PRO¬ 
PERTIES OF MATERIALS, &c. 


The specific gravity of a body is its weight in propor¬ 
tion to an equal bulk of pure water, at a standard tempera¬ 
ture. The standard temperature is 62° Fahr. = 16.670 
Cent. A cubic inch of water weighs 252.456 troy grains, 
the temperature being 62° Fahr., and the height of the 
barometrical column 30 inches ; and 7,000 troy grains are 
equivalent to one pound avoirdupois. Thence it follows 
that a cubic foot of water would weigh 997.136 ounces. 

To find the specific gravity of a solid heavier than water: 
Weigh the body both in air and in water ; to the weight 
in air annex 3 ciphers, and divide by the difference of 
weight. 

To find the specific gravity of a solid lighter than water: 
Attach to it another body heavy enough to sink it, weigh 
severally the compound mass, and the heavier body in 
air and water, and say : As the difference of weights lost 
in water is to the weight of the given body in air, so is 
the specific gravity of water to that of the given body. 

To find the specific gravity of a fluid: Weigh both in 
and out of the fluid a solid (insoluble) of known specific 
gravity ; then say : As the weight of the solid to that lost 
in the fluid, so is the specific gravity of the former to that 
of the latter. 

The weight of a cubic foot of water at a temperature of 
60° is 1000 ounces avoirdupois, and the specific gravity of 
a body, water being 1000, shows the weight of a cubic 
foot of that body in ounces avoirdupois. Then, if the 
magnitude of the body be known, its weight can be com¬ 
puted, or if its weight be known, its magnitude can be 
calculated, provided we know its specific gravity, or of 
the magnitude, weight, and specific gravity, any two being 
known, the third may be found. 

To find the magnitude of a body from its weight: Say, 
as the specific gravity is to its weight in ounces, so is one 
cubic foot to its magnitude in feet. 

To find the weight of a body from its magnitude: Say, 
as one cubic foot is to its magnitude in feet, so is its spe¬ 
cific gravity to its weight in ounces. 



202 


THE WEIGHT OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES. 



Weight of a 

Weight of a 

Number 

Weight 
of a 
cubic 

Name of Body. 

cubic foot 

cubic inch. 

of cubic 
inches, 
in a lb. 


In oz. 

In lbs. 

In oz. 

In lbs. 

yard in 
tons. 


1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6 

Platina. 

..19500 . 

..1218.75 . 

..11.284 . 

... .70.53 . 

... 1.417 

_ 

Copper, cast. 

.. 8788 . 

.. 549.25 . 

.. 5.086 . 

... .3178 . 

.. 3.146 

... — 

Copper, sheet. 

.. 8915 . 

.. 557.18 . 

.. 5.159 . 

... .3225 . 

.. 3.103 

... — 

Brass, cast. 

. 8396 . 

.. 524.75 . 

.. 4.8-52 . 

.. .3037 . 

.. 3.293 

... - 

Iron, cast. 

.. 7271 . 

.. 454.43 . 

.. 4.203 . 

... .263 . 

.. 3.802 

... - 

Iron, bar. 

.. 7631 . 

.. 476.93 . 

.. 4.410 . 

... .276 . 

.. 3.623 

... - 

Lead . 

.11314 . 

.. 709.00 . 

.. 6.4.56 . 

.. .4103 . 

.. 2.437 

... — 

Steel, soft . 

.. 7833 . 

.. 489.56 . 

.. 4.527 . 

... .2833 . 

.. 3.530 

. - 

Steel, hard . 

.. 7816 . 

.. 488.50 . 

.. 4.517 . 

.. .2827 . 

.. 3.537 

... — 

Zinc, cast . 

. 7190 . 

.. 449.37 . 

.. 4.156 . 

.. .26 . 

.. 3.845 

... — 

Tin, cast . 

. 7292 . 

.. 4.55.75 . 

.. 4.215 . 

.. .2636 . 

.. 3.790 

... - 

Bismuth . 

. 9880 . 

.. 619.50 . 

.. 5.710 . 

.. .3585 . 

.. 2.789 

... - 

Gun Metal . 

. 8784 . 

.. 549.00 . 

.. 5.0775. 

.. .3177 . 

.. 3.147 

... - 

Sand . 

. 1520 . 

.. 95.00 . 

.. .8787. 

.. .055 . 

.. 18.190 

... 1.145 

Coal. 

,. 1250 . 

.. 78.12 . 

.. .7225. 

.. .0452 . 

.. 22.120 

... 0.941 

Brick . 

,. 2000 . 

.. 125.00 . 

.. 1.156 . 

.. .0723 . 

.. 13.824 

... 1.506 

Stone, paving . 

Stone, Bristol . 

.. 2416 . 

... 151.00 . 

... 1.396 , 

... .0873 . 

.. 11.443 

... 1.820 

.. 25.54 . 

.. 159.62 . 

.. 1.478 . 

... .0923 . 

.. 10.825 

... 1.924 

Grindstone.. . 

.. 2143 . 

.. 133.94 . 

.. 1.240 . 

... .07751. 

.. 12.901 

... 1.614 

Chalk, British . 

.. 2781 . 

.. 173.81 . 

.. 1.609 . 

... .1005 . 

.. 9.941 

... 2.095 

Jet . 

.. 1259 . 

.. 78.69 . 

.. 0.729 . 

... .04553. 

.. 21.959 

... 0.948 

Salt . 

.. 2130 . 

.. 133.12 . 

.. 1.233 . 

... .07704. 

.. 12.980 

... 1.604 

Slate . 

.. 2672 . 

.. 167.00 . 

.. 1.544 . 

... .0967 . 

.. 10.347 

... 2.012 

Marble . 

,. 2742 . 

.. 171.37 . 

.. 1.585 . 

... .0991 . 

.. 10.083 

... 2.065 

White Lead . 

.. 3160 . 

.. 197.50 . 

.. 1.826 , 

... .1143 . 

... 8.750 

— 

Glass . 

.. 2880 . 

.. 180.00 . 

.. 1.664 . 

... .1042 . 

... 9.600 

— 

Tallow . 

.. 945 . 

.. 59.06 . 

.. .5462. 

... .0342 . 

.. 29.258 

. — 

Cork . 

. 240 . 

.. 15.00 . 

.. .138 . 

.. .0087 . 

..115.200 

— 

Larch . 

. 544 . 

.. 34.00 . 

.. .315 . 

... .0197 . 

.. 50.823 

— 

Elm . 

.. 556 . 

.. 34.75 . 

.. .321 . 

... .0201 . 

.. 49.726 

— 

Pine, pitch . 

,. 660 . 

.. 41.25 . 

.. .382 . 

... .024 . 

.. 41.890 

— 

Beech . 

.. 696 . 

.. 43.50 . 

.. .403 . 

... .0252 . 

... 39.724 

— 

Teak ... 

745 . 

.. 46.56 . 

.. .431 . 

... .027 . 

... 37.113 

— 

Ash . 

,. 760 . 

.. 47.50 . 

.. .440 . 

... .0275 . 

.. 36.370 

— 

Mahogany . 

. 852 . 

.. 53.25 . 

.. .493 . 

... .0308 . 

.. 32.449 

... — 

Oat?. 

. 970 . 

.. 60.62 . 

.. .561 . 

.. .0351 . 

.. 28.505 

— 

Oil of Turpentine. 

.. 870 . 

.. 54.37 . 

.. .503 

... .0315 . 

... 31.771 

— 

Olive Oil . 

,. 915 . 

.. 57.18 . 

.. .529 . 

... .0331 . 

.. 30.220 

— 

Linseed Oil . 

,. 932 . 

.. 58.25 . 

.. .539 . 

... .0337 . 

.. 29.605 

— 

Spirits, proof. . 

Water, distilled . 

,. 927 . 

.. 57.93 . 

.. .536 . 

... .03352. 

.. 29.288 

— 

.. 1000 . 

.. 62.50 . 

.. .578 . 

... .03617. 

.. 27.648 

... 0.753 

Water, sea . 

1028 . 

.. 64.25 . 

.. .594 , 

... .0372 . 

... 26.891 

... 0.774 

Tar . 

. 1015 . 

.. 63.43 . 

.. .587 . 

.. .0367 . 

.. 27.242 

— 

Vinegar . 

,. 1026 . 

.. 64.12 . 

.. .593 . 

... .037 . 

.. 26.949 

— 

Mercury (at, 60°). 

..13568 . 

.. 848.00 . 

... 7.851 , 

... .4908 . 

... 2.037 

... — 




































The following practical rules, if retained in the 
memory, will frequently be found useful: 

To find the weight of round bar iron— 

Square the diameter in inches ; this, multiplied by the 
length in feet, and again by 2.6, will give the weight of 
the bar in pounds for wrought iron. 

The rule for cast iron is— 

Diameter squared X length in feet X 2.48 = weight in 
pounds. 

Example: What is the weight of a wrought iron bar 
whose diameter is 3 inches, and length 5 feet ? 

Solution : 3 2 X 5 X 2.6 = 117 lbs. 


WEIGHT AND MEASURE OF WATER AT THE 
COMMON TEMPERATURE. 

1 pint = 34.65 cubic inches, or 1.25 lbs. 

1 gal. = 277.274 cubic inches, or 10 lbs. 

11.2 gals. = 1 cwt. 

224 gals. = 1 ton. 

1 cubic inch = 252.45 grs., or .03617 lbs. 

12 “ inches =.434 lbs. 

1 “ foot = 6.25 gals., or 1000 oaf?., or 62.5 lbs. 

1.8 “ “ =1 cwt. 

35.84 “ “ = 1 ton. 

1 cylindrical inch = .02842 lbs. 

12 “ inches = .341 lbs. 

1 “ foot = 5 gals., or 49.1 lbs. 

2.292 “ feet = 1 cwt. 

45.64 “ “ = 1 ton. 

1 cubic inch of mercury = 3425.25 gr. 


SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GASES. 

That of the Atmosphere being taken as 1. 


Nitrous acid. 2.638 

Chlorine. 2.500 

Carbonic Acid. 1.5277 

Muriatic acid. 1.284 








204 


SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GASES ( Continued ). 

Oxygen. 1.111 

Azote. 0.9723 

Carbureted hydrogen. 0.9722 

Ammonia. 0.5902 

Steam of Water. 0.481 

Hydrogen.0694 

Arseniacalgas. 10.6 

Mercurial do. 6.976 

Arseniacal acid. 13.850 

Anhydrous sulphuric acid. 3.00 

Selenitic sulphuric acid. 4.03 

Chloride of yellow sulphur. 4.70 

Chloride of red sulphur. 3.70 

Iodide of arsenic. 16.10 

Protochloride of mercury. 8.35 

Bichloride of do. 9.80 

Protobromide of do. 10.14 

Bi-bromide of do. 12.16 

Bi-iodide of do. 15.6 

Sulphate of do. . 5.5 

Bromide of cyanogen. 3.61 

Camphor. 5.468 

Spirits of turpentine. 4.763 

Benzoin. 2.77 

Napthaline. 4.528 

Sulphate of carbon, vapor of. 2.644 

Alcohol. 1.6133 

Ether. 2.586 

“ acetic. 3.067 

“ oxalic. 5.087 

“ benzoic. 5.409 

Spirit of wood. 1.120 

Sulphate of methylene. 4.565 

Acetate of do. 2.563 

Potato oil. 3.147 

Acetone. 2.019 

Acetic acid. 2.77 

Benzoic acid. 4.27 

Valeric acid. 3.68 

Cyanhydrie acid. 0.947 

Cacodyle. 7.1 

Vapor of water. 0.6235 












































205 


SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF WATER AT DIFFERENT 
TEMPERATURES. 

That at 62° being taken as Unity. 


38° F..., 

... 1.00115 

50° F.... 

... 1.00087 

62° F.... 

.. 1.00000 

40 .... 

... 1.00113 

52 .... 

.. 1.00076 

64 .... 

.. .99980 

42 .... 

... 1.00111 

54 .... 

.. 1.00064 

66 .... 

.. .99958 

44 .... 

.. 1.00107 

56 .... 

.. 1.00050 

68 .... 

.. .99936 

46 .... 

48 .... 

.. 1.00102 
.. 1.00095 

58 .... 

.. 1.00035 

70 .... 

.. .99913 


THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF VARIOUS BUILDING 
MATERIALS. 

The Specific Gravity of Rain-Water being 1000. 
Woods. 


Ash, dry. 


690 

to 

845 

Beech.. 

( C 

696 

<( 

854 

Birch.. 

it 

720 



Cedar, Indian. 

cc 

1315 



“ of Libanus. 

u 

486 

n 

603 

Cherry. 

tt 

672 

tt 

741 

Chestnut. 

tt 

535 

a 

685 

Cypress. 

cc 

644 

a 

655 

Elm, seasoned.. 

u 

553 

tt 

588 

Fir, Norway Spruce. 

cc 

512 



“ American. 

1 1 

465 



Larch, Red, seasoned. 

tt 

496 

tt 

640 

“ White. 

It 

364 



Mahogany, Spanish. 

cc 

816 

tt 

852 

“ Honduras. 

Cl 

560 



Oak, Irish Bog. 

Cl 

1046 



“ American. 

it 

752 



“ English, dry. 

tt 

625 



Pine, American Pitch. 

tt 

741 

tt 

936 

Poplar. 

it 

374 

tt 

529 

Sycamore. 

Teak, dry. 

cc 

ft 

590 

657 

tt 

tt 

645 

832 

Walnut, dry. 

it 

616 

tt 

735 

Willow, dry. 

It 

404 

tt 

568 













































206 


SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF MATERIALS ( Continued). 


Stones and Cements. 


Basalt. 

from 

2478 

to 

3000 

Brick, common. 

66 

1557 

66 

2000 

“ Welsh Fire. 

66 

2408 



Brickwork. 

mean 1520 



Chalk. 

from 

2315 

66 

2657 

Flint. 

6 6 

2580 

6 6 

2630 

Granite. 

66 

26£4 

66 

3000 

Marble. 

u 

2580 

6 6 

2840 

Mortar, hair, dry. 

66 

1384 



“ various, dry. 

6 i 

1414 

6 6 

1393 

Plaster, cast. 

66 

1286 



Slate . 

66 

2512 

66 

2888 

Stone, Blue Lias Limestone.. 

66 

2467 



Stonework. 

66 

2000 

66 

2686 

Tile, common. 

66 

1815 

66 

1858 

Metals. 





Brass, Cast. 

from 

8100 



Copper, Cast. 

66 

8607 



Iron, Bar. 

6 6 

7600 

to 

7800 

“ Cast. 

6 6 

7200 

66 

7600 

Lead... 

“ 11352 

66 * 

11407 

Pewter. 

66 

7248 



Platina. 

66 < 

21531 



Steel.. 

66 

7780 

66 

7840 

Tin. 

6 6 

7291 

66 

7299 

Earths , c ftc. 




Clay, common . 

from 

1919 



Coke. 

66 

744 



Coal. 

66 

1269 

to 

1526 

Earth, common. 

66 

1520 

66 

2016 

Gravel. 

66 

1749 



Lime, quick. 

66 

843 



Marl. 

66 

1600 

66 

2870 

Sand, quartz. 

66 

2750 



“ common. 

66 

1454 

66 

1886 

Shingle. 

66 

1424 



Water, rain. 

6 6 

1000 



‘ ‘ sea. 

66 

1027 







































207 


THE WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 


Gases, at 32° Fahrand under One Atmosphere. 

Weight of a 
Cubic Foot in 
Lbs. Avoir. 

Air. 0.080728 

Carbonic Acid. 0.12344 

Hydrogen. 0.005592 

Oxygen. 0.089256 

Nitrogen. 0.078596 

Steam (ideal). 0.05022 

Ether Vapor (ideal). 0.2093 

Bisulphuret-of-carbon Vapour (ideal)... 0.2137 
Olefiant Gas. 0.0795 

Liquids, at 32° Fahr. (except Water , which is taken at 39.1° 
Fahr.) 

height of a 
Cubic Foot in 
Lbs. Avoir. 

Water, pure, at 39.1°. 62.425 

“ sea, ordinary. 64.05 

Alcohol, pure. 49.38 

proof spirit. 57.18 

Ether. 44.70 

Mercury.848.75 

Naptha. 52.94 

Oil, Linseed. 58.68 

“ Olive. 57.12 

“ Whale. 57.62 

“ of Turpentine. 54.81 

Petroleum. 54.81 






















208 


THE WEIGHT OF ONE LINEAL FOOT OF 
WROUGHT IRON—FLAT. 


Size. 

Weight. 

Ins. In. 

Lbs. 

1 byf 

... 0.85 

H by f 

... 1.06 

If by f 

.... 1.27 

If by f 

... 1.48 

2 by f 

... 1.69 

2f by f 

.... 1.90 1 

2b by f 

.... 2.11 

2f by f 

... 2.32 

3 by f 

... 2.53 

8f by f 

... 2.75 i 

3f by f 

... 2.96 

3f by f 

... 3.17 

4 by f 

... 3.38 

4f by f 

... 3.59 

44 by J 

.... 3.80 

4f by f 

.... 4.01 

5 by f 

.... 4.22 

5f by f 

... 4.44 

5f by f 

.... 4.65 

5f by | 

.... 4.86 

6 by f 

.... 5.07 

1 by b 

.... 1.69 

H by b 

... 2.11 

If by f 

.... 2.53 


Size. Weight. 
Ins. In. Lbs. 

If by * ... 2.96 

2 by b .... 3.38 
2f by b ... 3.80 
2b by f .... 4.22 
2f by \ .... 4.65 

3 by £ .... 5.07 
3} by b .... 5.49 
3f by f .... 5.92 
8f by f .... 6.33 

4 by b ... 6.76 
4f by b ... 7.18 
4+by b ... 7.60 
4jby b ... 8.03 

5 by b .... 8.45 
5f by b .... 8.87 
5 b by b .... 9.30 
5f by b .... 9.72 

6 by f ...10.14 


1 by f ... 2.53 
If by f .... 3.17 
If by f ... 3.80 
If by f ... 4.44 

2 by f ... 5.07 


Size. Weight. 


Ins. In. 

Lbs. 

2f by f ., 

... 5.70 

2f by f ., 

... 6.33 

2f by f . 

.. 6.97 

3 by f ., 

... 7.60 

3f by f . 

.. 8.24 

3f by f ., 

... 8.87 

3f by f . 

.. 9.51 

4 by f .. 

...10.14 

4f by f .. 

...10.77 

4f by f .. 

...11.41 

4f by f .. 

...12.04 

5 by f . 

..12.67 

5f by f . 

..13.31 

5f by f . 

..13.94 

5f by f . 

..14.57 

6 by f . 

..15.21 

If by 1 . 

.. 5.07 

2 byl . 

.. 6.76 

3 by 1 . 

..10.14 

4 by 1 . 

..13.52 

5 by 1 . 

..16.90 

6 byl . 

..20.28 

7 by 1 . 

..23.66 








209 


WEIGHT OF ROUND IRON PER LINEAL FOOT. 


.165 

1 in. 
.373 

f in. 
“.663 

1 in. 
1.043, 

f in. 
1.493 

¥ in. 
2.082 

1 in. 
2.654 

CO 

OS B 

O • 

If in. 
4.172 

1! in. 
5.019 

If in. 
5.972 

H in. 
7.010 

If in. 
8.128 

1 ¥ in. 
9.333 

2 in. 
10.616 

2| in. 
11.988 

2f in. 
13.440 

2f in. 
14.975 

21 in. 
16“ 688 

2| in. j 
18.293 

2f in. 
20.076 

2f in. 
21.944 

3 in. 
23.888 

31 in. 
25.926 

3f in. 
28.040 

3| in. 
30.240 

3f in. 
32“ 512 

3f in.! 
34.886 

3f in. 
37.332 

3f in. 
39.864 

4 in. 
42.464 

4f in. 
47.952 

41 in. 
53“ 760! 

4| in. 
56.788 

4f in. 
59.900 

4i in. 
63.094 

5 in. 
66.752 

5f in. 
73.172| 

5f in. 
80.304| 

6 in. 
95.552 


WEIGHT OF SQUARE IRON PER LINEAL 

FOOT. 

fin. 

t in. 

f in. 

I in. 

f in. 

¥ in. 

1 in. 

If in. 

.211 

.475 

.845 

1.320 

1.901 

2.588 

, 3.380 

4.278 

If in. 

If in. 

If in. 

If in. 

If in. 

If in. 

2 in. 

2f in. 

5.280 

6.390 

7.604 

8.926 

10.352 

11.883 

13.520 

15.263 

2f in. 

2§ in. 

21 in. 

2f in. 

2f in. 

! 2f in. 

3 in. 

3f in. 

17.1^2, 

19.066 

21“ 120 

23.292 

25.560 

27.939 

1 30.416 

33.010 

3f in. 

3f in. 

31 in. 

3f in. 

3f in. 

H in. 

4 in. 

4f in. 

35.704! 

38.503 

4l“.408 

44.418’ 

47.534! 

50.756 

54.084 

57.517 

4f in. 

4f in 

41 in. 

4f in. 

4f in. 

4f in.! 

5 in. 

5f in. 

61.055 

64.700 1 

6S.44S. 

72.305 

76.264 

80.333| 

84.480 

88.784 





















210 


WEIGHT OF ANGLE AND T IRON. 

Rule for calculating Weight of ordinary Angle 
and t Iron. 

W = Weight of angle-iron per lineal foot. 

B = Breadths of flanges added in decimal parts of a 
foot. 

T = Thickness of angle-iron in decimal parts of a foot. 
w = Weight of iron in lbs. per sq. foot of the thickness 
of the angle-iron. 

W-B-TXw. 


Weight of a Square Foot of Boiler Plate Iron , from £ to 1 
inch thick , in lbs. avoirdupois. 


3 

T(T 

i 

¥ 

T 5 6 t j 

TS 


9 4 

. T6 f 

it 

f 

it 

i I 

£4 

lin, 

7.5 

10 

12.5 15 

17.5 

20 

22.5 25 

27.5 

30 

32.5 

35! 

37.5 

40 


IRON, SPLICES AND BOLTS REQUIRED FOR ONE 
MILE OF TRACK. 

TONS OF IRON. 

Rule.— To find the number of tons of rail to the mile, 
divide the weight per yard by 7, and multiply by 11, thus: 
for 56 pound rail, divide 56 by 7, equal 8, multiplied by 11 
equal 88 tons, for one mile of single track. 


Weight 

of Rail 
per Yard. 

Tons per mile. 

Weight 
of Rail 
per yard. 

Tons per mile. 

12 lbs. 

18 tons 1920 lbs. 

45 lbs. 

70 tons 1600 lbs. 

14 “ 

22 

<< 


6 6 

48 

66 

75 

66 

960 

66 

16 “ 

25 

66 

320 

6 6 

50 

6 6 

78 

i 6 

1280 

66 

18 “ 

28 

66 

640 

66 

52 

6 6 

81 

66 

1600 

66 

20 “ 

31 

6k 

960 

66 

56 

66 

88 

66 


66 

22 “ 

34 

66 

1280 

66 

57 

66 

89 

66 

1280 

6 6 

25 “ 

39 

66 

640 

6% 

60 

66 

94 

66 

640 

6 6 

26 “ 

40 

66 

1920 

66 

62 

66 

97 

66 

960 

66 

27 “ 

42 

66 

960 

66 

64 

66 

100 

66 

1280 

66 

28 “ 

44 

6 6 


66 

.65 

66 

102 

66 

320 

6 6 

30 “ 

47 

6 6 

320 

66 

68 

6 6 

106 

6 6 

1920 

66 

33 “ 

51 

66 

1920 

66 

70 

66 

110 

61 



35 “ 

55 

66 


66 

72 

66 

113 

66 

320 

66 

40 “ 

62 

66 

1920 

66 

76 

“ 

119 

66 

960 

66 






















211 


SPLICES AND BOLTS FOR ONE MILE OF TRACK. 


30 feet 

of Rail requires 740 Splices ; 1408 Bolts and 

Nuts. 

28 

ii 

(6 

754 

“ 1508 

44 

44 

27 

4 4 

{( 

782 

“ 1564 

44 

44 

25 

U 

<< 

844 

“ 1688 

44 

44 

24 

U 

44 

880 

“ 1760 

44 

44 


WEIGHT OF ONE HUNDRED BOLTS OF THE 
ENUMERATED SIZES. 


WITH SQUARE HEADS AND NUTS. 


Lengths 

iia- 

T*in 

f iu- 


| \ in. 

t in. 

f in. 

l in. 

1 

ki. 

4.16 

7.59 

10.62 

15.94 

23.87 

39.31 



1% 


4.22 

7.87 

11.72 

16.90 

25.06 

41.48 

. . 


2 

44 

4.75 

8.56 

12.38 

18.2-5 

26.44 

45.69 

73.62 

. 

214 

44 

5.34 

9.12 

12.90 

19.38 

28.62 

49.-50 

76. 

... «.> 

2 U 

44 

5.97 

9.59 

14.69 

20.69 

29.50 

51.25 

79.75 

... ... 

2K 

44 

6.50 

10.44 

16.47 

21.50 

! 31.16 

53. 

83. 


3 

44 


11.78 

17.88 

22.38 

■ 32.44 

56. 

85.38 

127.25 


44 


11.81 

18.94 

26.19 

i 39.75 

63.12 

93.44 

140.56 

4 

44 



20.59 

28.87 

I 42.50 

74.87 

108.12 

148.37 

4% 

44 



21.69 

29.87 

44.87 

.79.62 

113.12 

1-58.76 

5 

44 



23.62 

32.31 

48.81 

83. 

122. 

167.25 

5 Vo 

44 



25.81 

34.44 

51.38 

87.88 

128.62 

174.88 

6 

44 



26.87 

36.62 

53.31 

92.38 

131.75 

204.25 

614 

44 





56.87 

96.88 

139.56 

214.69 

7 

44 



. 


59.12 

99.87 

145.50 

228.44 

VA 

44 





61.87 

105.75 

150.88 

2-3-5.31 

s 

44 





64.44 

109.50 

157.12 

239.88 

9 

44 





70.50 

118.12 

169.62 

258.12 

10 

44 




. 

77. 

128.13 

184. 

276.18 

11 

44 





82.88 

136.19 

195.13 

295.69 

12 

44 





86.37 

144.87 

209.75 

311.94 

13 

• 4 





92. 

15-5.50 

219.37 

335.81 

14 

44 





97.75 

163.58 

237.50 

351.88 

15 

44 

. 1 




103.25 

170.75 

249.06 

391.75 









































NUMBER OF NUTS OF THE ENUMERATED 
SIZES IN 100 POUNDS. 


Wide. 

Thick. 

Hole. 

Bolt. 

Number of 
Square 
in 100 lbs. 

Number of 
Hexagon 
in 100 lbs. 

f 

i 

ft 

1 

7540 

8660 

n 

A 

i 

A 

5000 

6200 

ii 

8 

if 

3 

8 

2320 

3120 

If 

A 

if 

A 

1940 

2200 

i 

f 

If 

f 

1180 

1350 

If 

A 

If 

A 

920 

1000 

ItV 

f 

If 

f 

738 

830 

H 

I 

If 

f 

420 

488 

ItV 

} 

If 

1 

280 

309 

If 

1 

If 

1 

180 

216 

113 

J TS 

H 

If 

If 

130 

148 

2 

H 

IjV 

If 

96 

111 


if 

1A 

If 

70 

85 

2f 

if 

*A 

If 

60 

70 

2f 

if 

If 

If 

34 

40 



If 

If 

30 

37 
















213 


SIZE, WEIGHT, LENGTH, AND STRENGTH OF 
IRON WIRE. 


No. by 
Wire 
Gauge. 

Diam. in 
decimals 
of 1 inch. 

Feet to 
the lb. 

Weight of 
100 yards 
in lbs. 

Weight of 
one mile 
in lbs. 

Length of 
one bun¬ 
dle, 68 lb. 
in yards. 

00000 

.450 

1.863 

160.985 

2845.34 

1 

39.12 

0000 

.400 

2.358 

127.208 

2238.86 

49.52 

000 

.360 

2.911 

103.043 

1813.56 

61.13 

00 

.330 

3.465 

86.583 

1523.86 

72.77 

0 

.305 

4.057 

73.958 

1301.66 

85.20 

1 

.285 

4.645 

64.583 

1136.66 

97.55 

2 

.265 

5.374 

55.829 

982.59 

112.85 

3 

.245 

6.286 

47.722 

839.91 

132.01 

4 

.225 

7.454 

40.248 

708.36 

156.53 

5 

.205 

8.976 

33.417 

588.14 

188.50 

6 

.190 

10.453 

28.699 

505.10 

219.51 

7 

.175 

12.322 

24.346 

428.49 

I 258.76 

8 

.160 

14.736 

20.358 

358.30 

309.46 

9 

.145 

17.950 

16.713 

294.15 

376.95 

10 

.130 

22.333 

13.433 

236.42 

468.99 

11 

.1175 

27.340 

10.973 

193.12 

574.14 

12 

.105 

34.219 

8.767 

154.30 

718.60 

13 

.0925 

44.092 

6.804 

119.75 

925.93 

14 

.080 

58.916 

5.092 

89.62 

1237.24 

15 

.070 

76.984 

3.897 

68.59 

1616.66 

16 

.061 

101.488 

2.956 

52.03 

2131.25 

17 

.0525 

137.174 

2.187 

38.49 

2880.65 

18 

' .045 

186.335 

1.610 

28.34 

3913.04 

19 

.038 

262.238 

1.144 

20.13 

5506.99 

20 

.033 

344.828 

.870 

15.31 

7241.39 


Weight of a Square Foot of Sheet Iron in lbs. avoirdupois. 


No. 8. 1 23456 78 

Pounds avoirdupois 12.5 12 11 10 8.74 8.12 7.5 6.86 


No. 8. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

Pounds avoirdupois 6.24 5.62 5 4.38 4.31 3.12 3.95 2.50 


No. 8. 17 18 19 20 21 22 

Pounds avoirdupois 2.5 1.86 1.93 1.54 1.5 1.25 























214 


Cast Iron 

Brass. 

Lead. 

Tin. 

Zinc. 


SHRINKAGE OF CASTINGS. 


$ in. per lineal ft. 

■ *:: 


1 u a 

T2 

5 << “ 

T6 


SIZES and WEIGHTS of WROUGHT IRON WELDED 
TUBES FOR GAS, STEAM AND WATER. 


Inside 

Weight 

Inside 

Weight 

Diameter. 

per Foot. 

Diameter. 

per Foot. 

£ inch 

.24 

24 inches. 

5.77 

i u 

1 “ 

.42 

3 

4 4 

7.54 

.56 

34 

44 

9.05 

4 “ 

.85 

4 

4 4 

10.72 

1 << 

4 

1.12 

44 

44 

12.49 

1 “ 

1.67 

5 

44 

14.56 

14 “ 

2 25 

6 

44 

18.77 

14 “ 

2.69 

7 

44 

23.41 

2 “ 

3.66 

8 

44 

28.35 


FORCE OF GRAVITY. 

A body falling gains, in tlie first second of time, a 
velocity of 32 feet per second and falls a distance of 16 
feet, 16 being tlie mean between 0, the velocity at the 
beginning, and 32 the velocity gained at the end of the 
first second. 

The second second the body commences with a velocity 
of 32 feet, and under the constant force of gravity gains 32 
feet more velocity, making 64 feet = 4X16. It commences 
the third second with a velocity of 64 feet and gains 32 
feet more, making 96 feet = 6 X 16 feet. The mean 
between 32 feet, the velocity at the beginning of the 
second second, and 64 feet, the velocity at the close, is 
48 feet = 3 X 16 feet. The mean between 64 feet, the 
velocity at the beginning of the third second, and 96 feet, 
the velocity at the close, is 80 feet = 5 X 16. Hence, the 
velocities are as the even numbers, and the distances as 
the odd numbers. 









215 


In any number of seconds, a body falls 16 feet X num¬ 
ber of seconds, or 

Let v be velocity of falling body. 

“ d “ distance fallen through perpendicular in feet. 

“ t “ time in seconds. Then 

v = 32 t, 
d = 16 t 2 
v 2 = 64 d, 

or, putting these formula into words, 

1. To find the depth of a shaft by letting a body fall 
down, when the time is known. Square the number of 
seconds it takes to fall; multiply them by 16 and the 
result is the depth in feet. 

2. To learn how long it will take a body to fall down 
a shaft, when the depth is known, multiply the depth by 
64, and take out the square root. The root is the velo¬ 
city in seconds when it reaches the bottom, one-half of 
which is the mean velocity in feet per seconds, which, 
divided into the distance in feet, gives the time taken in 
falling. 

Example: 

The East mine shaft is 1600 feet deep. How long will 
it take a stone to fall down it, and what speed will it 
have attained when it strikes the bottom ? 


Solution : 

Depth of shaft, 1600 feet. 

1,600 X 64 = 102,400 
320 

/ inn"inA - 320. ~n~ = 160 mean velocity in feet per 

y lU/ij4UU ^ 


second, and = 10 seconds to fall to bottom, and the 
speed per second when it strikes bottom will be 320 feet. 




216 


CHEMICAL MEMORANDA. 


A Simple or elementary substance is a body that can¬ 
not be resolved or separated into any simpler substances— 
as oxygen, carbon, iron. 

A compound substance is one consisting of two or more 
constituents—as water, carbonic acid gas, olefiant gas. 

The equivalent number or atomic weight expresses the 
relations that subsist between the different proportions 
by weight in which substances unite chemically with 
each other. 

The equivalent of a compound is the sum of the equi¬ 
valents of its constituents. 

Specific gravity expresses the difference that subsists 
between the weights of equal volumes of bodies. 

So far as chemists have been able to discover, there are 
about 65 elementary or simple substances. 

No compound body contains all the elementary sub¬ 
stances. Most compounds are composed of two, three, or 
four elements. 


TABLE OF ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES. 


Names of 


Atomic 

Elements. 

Symbol. 

Weight. 

Aluminium. 

. A1 .... 

. 27.4 

Antimony. 

. Sb .... 

122 

Arsenic. 


. 75 

Barium. 

. Ba .... 

. 137 

Beryllium. 

. Be .... 

. 9.4 

Bismuth. 

. Bi .... 

. 210 

Boron. 

. B 

11 

Bromine. 

. Br , 

. 80 

Cadmium. 

. Cd .... 

. 112 

Calcium. 

. Ca ... 

. 40 

Carbon. 

. C ... 

. 12 

Cerium.. 

. Ce ... 

. 92 

Chlorine. 

. Cl ... 

. 35 5 

Chromium. 


52 2 

Cobalt... 

. Co 

58 8 

Copper. 

. Cu .... 

. 63.4 

Fluorine. 

. F 

19 

Gold. 

. Au ... 

. 197 







































217 


Names of 


Atomic 

Elements. 

Symbol. 

Weight. 

Hydrogen. 

H 

1 

Indium. 

In ... 

. 74 

Iodine.. 


. 127 

Iridium. 

. Ir ... 

. 198 

Iron. 

. Fe ... 

. 56 

Lanthanum. 


. 93 

Lead. 


. 207 

Lithium. 

. Li ... 

. 7 

Magnesium. 


. 24 

Manganese. 

Mn 

55 

Mercury. 

. Hg ... 

. 200 

Molybdenum. 

. Mo ... 

. 96 

Nickel. 

. Ni ... 

. 58.8 

Niobium. 

. Nb ... 

. 95 

Nitrogen. 

. N ... 

14 

Osmium. 


. 199 

Oxygen. 

. 0 ... 

. 16 




Pallidium. 

. Pd ... 

. 106.6 

Phosphorus. 

. P ... 

. 31 




Platinum. 

. Pt ... 

. 197.4 

Potassium. 

. Iv ... 

. 39.1 

Rhodium. 

. R ... 

. 104 

Rubidium. 

. Rb ... 

. 85 

Ruthenium. 


. 104 

Selenium. 

. Se ... 

. 79 

Silicium or Silicon. 

. Si ... 

. 28 

Silver. 

. Ag ... 

. 108 

Sodium. 


. 23 

Strontium. 

. Sr ... 

. 87.6 

Sulphur. 

.. s 

. 32 

Tantalum. 

. Ta ... 

. 182 

Tellurium. 

. Te ... 

. 128 

Thallium . 

. T1 .... 

. 204 

Thorium. 

.. Tli .... 

. 231.5 

Tin. 


. 118 

Titanium. 

. Ti .... 

. 50 

Tungsten. 

. W .... 

. 184 

Uranium. 

. U .... 

. 120 

Vanadium. 

. V .... 

. 51.2 

Yttrium. 

. Y ... 

. 61.7 

Zinc. 

. Zn .... 

. 65 

Zirconium. 

. Zr .... 

. 89.6 





















































































218 


LIST OF SOME BINARY COMPOUNDS. 


Name of Compound. 

Ammonia. 

Bisulphide of Carbon . 

Carbonic acid gas. 

Carbonic oxide. 

Cyanogen.. 

Hydrochloric acid. 

Light carbureted hydrogen 

Nitric acid. 

Olefiant gas. 

Peroxide of iron. . 

Protoxide of iron. 

Sulphurous acid gas. 

Sulphuric acid. 

Sulphureted hydrogen. 

Water... 


Symbol. 

N H 3 


C 

C 

c 

N 

H 

C 

N 

C 2 

Fe, 


S 2 

0 2 

o 

C 2 

Cl 

H 4 

0 5 

H 4 

o a 


Fe O 


s 0 2 
h 2 so 
h 2 s 
h 2 o 


4 


NOMENCLATURE. 

The compounds of the non-metallic elements with the 
metals and with each other have names ending in “ ide ” 
or “uret as Fe S, sulphide or sulphuret of iron. 

When two or more equivalents of the non-metallic ele¬ 
ments enter into combination, the number of equivalents 
is expressed by prefixes. 

Bi means 2 eq., as N 0 2 binoxide of nitrogen. 

Ter “ 3 eq , as Sb 2 S 3 tersulphide of antimony. 

Penta “ 5 eq., 

Sesqui “ eq., <= 2 to 3), as Fe 2 0 3 sesquioxide 
of iron. 

Proto “ first, or 1 to 1, as Fe O protoxide of iron. 

Sub “ under, as Cu 2 O suboxide of copper. 

Per “ the highest, as Cl 0 4 protoxide of chlorine. 

Alkalies neutralize acids, forming salts. 

The terminations “ic” and “ous” are used for acids, 
the former representing a higher state of oxidation than 
the latter. 

When a substance forms more than two aeid compounds, 
the prefixes “ hypo,” under , and “hyper,” above , are used. 

A base is a compound which will chemically combine 
with an acid. 

A salt is a compound of an acid and a base. 

When water is in combination with acids or bases, they 
are said to be hydrated. 


















219 


COMMON NAMES OF CERTAIN CHEMICAL 
SUBSTANCES. 

Aqua fortis.Nitric acid. 

Bluestone, or blue vitriol...Sulphate of copper. 

Calomel.Chloride of mercury. 

Chloroform.Chloride of formyle. 

Common salt.Chloride of sodium. 

Copperas, or green vitriol Sulphate of iron. 

Corrosive sublimate.Bichloride of mercury. 

Dry alum.Sulphate of alumina and potash. 

Epsom salts.Sulphate of magnesia. 

Ethiops mineral.Black sulphide of mercury. 

Galena.Sulphide of lead. 

Glauber’s salts.Sulphate of soda. 

Iron pyrites.Bisulphide of iron. 

Jeweler’s putty.Oxide of tin. 

King’s yellow.Sulphide of arsenic. 

Laughing gas.Protoxide of nitrogen. 

Lime.Oxide of Caleium. 

Lunar caustic.Nitrate of silver. 

Mosaic gold.Bisulphide of tin. 

Nitre, or salt petre.Nitrate of potash. 

Oil of vitriol.Sulphuric acid. 

Realgar. .Sulphide of arsenic. 

Red lead.Oxide of lead. 

Rust of iron.Oxide of Iron. 

Soda.Oxide of sodium. 

Spirit of Hartshorn.Ammonia. 

Spirit of salt.Hydrochloric acid. 

Stucco, or plaster of Paris..Sulphate of lime. 

Sugar of lead.Acetate of lead. 

Vermillion.....',.Sulphide of mercury. 

Vinegar.Acetic acid. 

Volatile alkali.Ammonia. 

Water.Oxide of hydrogen. 

White Vitriol.:....Sulphate of zinc. p 
































220 


TABLE. 


Shoicing the Number of Volumes of various Gases which 100 
Volumes of Water , at 60° Fahr. and 30 inches Barometric 
Pressure , can absorb. (Dr. Frankland.) 


Ammonia. 7800 volumes. 

Sulphurous acid. 8300 

Sulphureted hydrogen. 253 “ 

Carbonic acid. 100 “ 

Olefiant gas. 12.5 “ 

{ Not determined, but pro¬ 
bably more soluble than 
olefiant gas. 

Oxygen. 3.7 volumes 

Carbonic oxide. 1.56 “ 

Nitrogen. 1.56 “ 

Hydrogen. 1.56 “ 

Light carbureted hydrogen. 1.60 “ 

When water has been saturated with one gas and is 

exposed to the influence of a second, it usually allows a 
portion of the first to escape, whilst it absorbs an equiva¬ 
lent quantity of the second. In this way a small portion 
of a not easily soluble gas can expel a large volume of an 
easily soluble one. 




















221 


USEFUL MEMORANDA. 


Mean circumference of the earth. 24,856 miles. 

Diameter of the earth. 7,921 “ 

Radius of the equator. 20,921,180 feet. 

Polar semi-axis. 20,853,180 “ 

Length of geographical or nautical mile, 6075.66 “ 

Ratio of nautical to English mile. 1.15068 to 1. 

Length of pendulum at the equator. 39.01326 inches. 

Lentil of pendulum at New York. 39.10153 “ 

Force of gravity at New York, feet per 

second. 32.1594 

Tropical year. 365.242245 days. 

Length of an arc.= No. of deg. X rad. X .01745. 


Circumference of a circle, 
Area of do. 


Diam. X 3.1416. 
Diam. 2 X .7854. 


Diameter of do. Cir. X .31831. 


Side of an equal square.. 
Diameter of equal circle, 


Diam. X .8862. 

X Area X 1.12837. 


Ellipse, area. T. axis X C. axis X .7854. 

Sphere, surface. Diam. 2 X 3.1416. 

“ solidity. Diam. 3 X .5236. 

Square feet. Circular inches X .00456. 

“ “ . Square inches X .00695. 

“ yards. Square feet X .111. 

Cubic feet. Cubic inches X .00058. 

“ yards. Cubic feet X .03704. 

** “ . Cylindrical feet X .02909. 

English miles. Lineal feet X .00019, or lineal 

yards X .000568. 

“ acres. Square yards X .00026067. 

Parabola, area. f of base X height. 

1 square foot. 183.346 circular inches. 

Cub. ins. in imperial gal. 277.274. 

“ foot. 6.232 imperial gallons. 


inches X .028848... 
X .014424... 
X .003606... 
X .0004508.. 
X .00005635 
X .0005787.. 
X .0000214.. 
X .0163. 


pints, 
quarts, 
gallons, 
bushels, 
quarters, 
cubic feet. 

“ yards. 
French litres. 

X .257. lbs. cast iron. 

X .278. “ wrought iron. 






























Cub. inches X *491. 

“ “ X .4112. 

“ “ X .2682. 

“ “ X .2597. 

“ “ X .3201. 

“ “ X .3058. 

Statute acres X .4840.... 
Square links X .4356.... 

“ feet X 2.3. 

Links X *22. 

“ X -66. 

Feet X1-5. 

Cubic feet X 2.200. 

Cylind. ins. X.0004546... 
Imperial gallons X • 1604 
“ “ X 4.543 

Cubic feet X *779. 

Bushels X .0476. 

“ XI 284. 

“ X 2218.2. 

Statute mfles X -369. 

Pounds avoir. X 7000... 

Grains X .0001429. 

Pounds avoir. X .009.... 
“ “ X .00045. 

Tons X 2,240. 

“ X .984. 

Pounds on the square 

inch X 144. 

Pounds on the square 

foot X -007. 

Miles per hour X 1.467.. 
Feet per second X .682.. 
French metres X 3.281.. 
“ litres X .2201... 

hectolitre X 2.7512 
“ grammes X .002205 
' ‘ kilogrammesX2.205 
Dia. of a sphere X .806.. 

“ “ X .6667 

One atmosphere. 


lbs. quicksilver. 

“ lead. 

“ tin. 
zinc. 

“ copper. 

“ brass, 
square yards. 

“ feet. 

“ links, 
yards, 
feet, 
links. 

cylindrical inches, 
cubic yards. 

“ feet, 

French litres, 
bushels, 
cubic yards. 

‘ ‘ feet. 

“ inches. 

mean geographical miles, 
grains. 

pounds avoirdupois. 

cwts. 

tons. 

pounds avoirdupois, 
tonnes, French. 

pounds on the square foot. 

pounds on the square inch, 
feet per second, 
miles per hour. 

English feet, 
imperial gallons. 

English bushels, 
pound avoirdupois. 

U U 

dimensions of equal cube, 
length of equal cylinder. 
14.7 pounds on the sq. inch. 
211-6 “ “ foot. 

29.922 inches of mercury. 
33.9 feet of water. 



























223 


MEASURES OF LENGTH. 


Tlic U. S. standard yard is the same as the imperial 
yard of Great Britain. It is determined as follows :— 
The rod of a pendulum vibrating seconds of mean time 
in the latitude of London in a vacuum at the level of the 
sea is divided into 391,393 equal parts, and 360,000 of 
these parts are 36 inches or 1 standard yard. 

An inch is one 500,500,000th part of the earth’s polar axis. 
Artificers sometimes divide the inch into lines or twelfths, 
but more commonly into binary divisions — half, quarter, 
eighth, sixteenth, and thirty-second. 

Mechanical engineers divide the inch decimally—lOths, 
lOOtlis, lOOOths, &c. 

Civil Engineers divide the foot decimally. 

The hand is used for heights of horses and the girths of 
spars. 

The fathom = 2 yards. 

The league = 3 nautical miles. 

The pace = 3 ft. 

The geographical or nautical mile = 1.15th statute mile. 
The geographical degree = 60 geographical or nautical 


miles. 


The length of a degree of latitude varies, being 68.72 
miles at the equator, 69.05 miles in middle latitudes, and 
69.34 miles in the polar regions. A degree of longitude 
is greatest at the equator, where it is 69.16 miles, and it 
gradually decreases toward the poles, where it is 0. 


TABLE OF MEASURES OF LENGTH. 


Inchei. 


Hands. Feet. Yards. Fathoms. Chains. Fur. Mile. 


1 


4 1 

12 3 

36 9 

72 18 

792 198 


6 2 1 — — — 

66 22 11 1 — — 

660 220 110 10 1 — 


1 — 

3 1 


63,360 15,840 


7,920 1,980 


5,280 1760 880 80 8 1 



224 


MEASURES OF AREA. 

(Used in Engineering and Science.) 

Sq. inch. Sq. foot. Sq. yard. Sq. mile 

144 i — 

1,296 . 9 . 1 . — 

— 27,878,400 3,097,600 . 1 

Land Measure: 

Sq. yards. Sq. feet. 

Perch. 30 J . 272f 

Rood (40 perches). 1,210 . 10,890 

Acre (4 roods, or 10 sq. chains) 4,840 . 43,560 

Used in the Arts: 

Square (of roofing or flooring) — . 100 


MEASURES OF WEIGHT. 

The U. S. Standard unit of weight is the Troy pound of 
the Mint which is the same as the imperial standard 
pound of Great Britain, and is determined as follows: 
A cubic inch of distilled water in a vacuum, weighed by 
brass weights also in a vacuum, at a temperature of 62° 
Fahrenheit’s thermometer, is equal to 252.458 grains, of 
which the standard Troy pound contains 5760. 

The U. S. Avoirdupois is determined from the standard 
Troy pound, and contains 700 Troy grains. 


Avoirdupois Weight, Unit Equivalents. 


Dr. 

Oz. 

Lbs. 

Cwt. T. 

16 = 

1 — 



256 — 

16 = 

' 1 


25,600 = 

1,600 = 

100 

— "l 

512,000 == 

32,000 = 

2000 

= 20 = 1 


Troy Weight, Unit Equivalents. 
Gr. Pwt. Oz. Lb. 

24 = 1 

480 — 20 = l 

5760 = 240 _ 12 = 1 



















225 


Long Ton Table. 


Lbs. 

Qr. 

Cwt. 

28 = 

1 


112 = 

4 = 

i 

2240 = 

80 = 

20 


The gross ton is used in the United States in the An¬ 
thracite coal and the wholesale iron and plaster trades. 


SOLID MEASURES. 

Cubic ins. Cubic ft. 


Cubic inch (subdivided decimally). 1 

1 foot X 1 inch X 1 inch. 12 

1 foot X 1 foot X 1 inch.. 144 

Cubic foot (subdivided decimally or duo- 

decimally). 1,728 1 

Cubic yard. 46,656 27 

Load of hewn timber. 50 

Perch of masonry (= 16} sq yds. face X 

1} ft. thick). 24f cubic ft. 

Cord of Wood. 128 cubic ft. 


A cubic yard of earth is called a load. 

In civil engineering the cubic yard is the unit to which 
estimates are reduced. 

A pile 8 feet long, 4 feet wide and 4 feet high, contains 
1 cord, and a cord foot is one foot in length of such a pile. 

In measuring timber for shipment one-fifth of the solid 
contents of round timber is deducted for waste in hewing 
or sawing. 


MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 

The U. S. standard unit of liquid measure is the old 
English wine gallon, of 231 cubic inches, which is equal 
to 8.33888 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water at its 
maximum density ; that is, at the temperature of 39.83° 
Fahrenheit, the barometer at 30 inches. 

The U, S. Standard unit- of dry measure is the British 
Winchester bushel, which is 18} inches in diameter and 8 
inches deep, and contains 2150.42 cubic inches, equal to 
77.6274 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water, at its max¬ 
imum density. A gallon dry measure, contains 268.8 
cubic inches. 












226 


The British imperial standard gallon is a measure that 
will contain 10 pounds avoirdupois weight distilled water, 
weighed in air at 62° Fahrenheit, the barometer at 30 
inches. It contains 277.274 cubic inches. 


Gi. 

Pt. 

Qt. 

Gal. 

Bbl. 

Hhd. 

4 

= 1 




8 

= 2 

= 1 




32 

= 8 

= 4 

= 1 


... 

1008 

= 252 

= 126 

= 81* 

= i 


2016 

= 504 

= 252 

= 63 

= 2 

= i 


The following denominations are also in use : 

42 Gallons make 1 tierce. 

2 Hhds. make 1 pipe or butt. 

2 Pipes or 4 hhds. make 1 tun. 

The denominations barrel and hogshead are used in 
estimating the capacity of cisterns, reservoirs, vats, <&c. 
In Massachusetts, the barrel is 32 gallons. 

The tierce, hogshead, pipe, butt and tun are the names 
of casks, and do not express any fixed measures. They 
are usually gauged, and have their capacity in gallons 
marked on them. 


DRY MEASURE. 

Pt. Qt. Pk. Bu. 

2=1 . 

16 = 8 = 1 
04 = 32 = 4 = 1 


MEASURES OF VALUE. 

United States Money. 

The currency of the United States is decimal currency, 
and is sometimes called Federal money. 

The unit is the dollar, and all the other denominations 
are either divisors or multiples of this unit. 


Unit Equivalents. 


Ml. 

ct. 

•D. 

S E. 

10 = 

1 

... 


100 = 

10 = 

i 


1,000 = 

100 = 

10 = 

= "i !!.' 

10,000 = 

1000 = 

100 = 

= 10 = i 


The character $ is supposed to be contraction of U. S. 
(United States), the U being placed upon the S. 




227 


The fineness of gold and silver coins means the propor¬ 
tion of the precious metals which they contain, and is 
generally expressed in thousandths of their total weight. 
The fineness of gold coins is also expressed in carats, or 
twenty-fourths of their total weight. 

By act of Congress, January 18, 1837, all gold and sil¬ 
ver coins must consist of 9 parts (.900) pure metal, and 1 
part (.100) alloy. The alloy for gold must consist of 
equal parts of silver and copper, and the alloy for silver 
of pure copper. 

The tliree-cent piece is 3 parts (f) silver, and 1 part (£) 
copper. 

The nickel cent is 88 parts copper and 12 parts nickel. 

The fineness of British gold coins is 22 carats, or 0.916f ; 
of British silver coins, 0.925, and of the coins of most 
other nations, 0.900. 

The franc is the value of 4.5 grammes of pure silvei\ 
which, being alloyed with 0.5 grammes of copper, the fun 
weight of the coin is 5 grammes. The fineness is 0.900. 
The Italian Lira is equal to the franc in weight, fineness, 
and value. 


COMPARATIVE TABLE OF MONEYS. 


English. U. S. 

lqr.— $ -00|-f^ 

Id.— *03sV 

Is.= .242 

4s. Id. 2 T 4 2 2 T qr. =1.00 
£1...=4.84 


French. U. S. 

1 millime.= $ .000186 

1 centime.= .00186 

1 franc.= .186 


MEASURES OF VELOCITY. 

Speed of turning, or angular velocity, is expressed in 
turns per second, per minute, or per hour, or in circular 
measure per second. 

To convert turns into circular measure, multiply by 
6.2832. . ~ 

To convert circular measure into turns, multiply by 
0.159155. 












Comparison of different Measures of Angular 
Velocity. 


Circular measure 
per second. 

1 

6.2832 

0.10472 

0.001745 


Turns 
per second, 

0.159155 

1 

0.016666 

0.000277 


Turns 
per minute. 

9.5493 

60 

1 

0.01666 


Turns 
per hour. 

572.958 

3600 

60 

1 


MEASURES OF HEAVINESS 
are expressed in units of weight per unit of volume ; as 
pounds to the cubic foot. 

Specific gravity is the ratio of the heaviness of a given 
substance to the heaviness of pure water, at a standard 
temperature, which in the United States is 62° Fahr. To 
convert specific gravity, as estimated in the United States, 
into heaviness in lbs. to the cubic foot, multiply by 62.355. 


MEASURES OF PRESSURE. 


The intensity of pressure is expressed in units of weight 
on the unit of area, as pounds on the square inch ; or by the 
height of a column of some fluid ; or in atmospheres , the unit 
in this case being the average pressure of the atmosphere 
at the level of the sea. The following table gives a com¬ 
parison of various units, in which the intensities of pres¬ 
sures are commonly expressed : 


One pound on the sq. in. 

One pound on the sq. foot. 

One in. of mercury (that is 
weight of a column of mer¬ 
cury at 32° Fahr., one in. 

high). 

One foot of water (at 39.1° 

Fahr... 

One in. of water. 

One atmosphere, of 29.922 in. 
of mercury, or 760 milli- 
metres 

One foot of air at 32° Fahr., 
and under the pressure of 
one atmosphere. 


Pounds 
on the 
square foot. 

144 

1 


70.7275 

62.425 

5.2021 


2116.3 


0.080728 


Pounds 
on the 
square inch. 

1 

Oik 


0.491163 

0.4335 

0.036125 


14.7 


0.0005606 










229 


Comparison of Heads of Water in Feet with 
Pressures «in Various Units. 

One ft. of water at 52.53° Fahr. = 62.4 lbs. on the sq. ft. 

0.4333 lb. on the sq. in. 
0.0295 atmosphere. 
U.8823 in. of mere, at 32° 
“ “ 770 fft.ofairat32°,and 

lone atmosphere. 

On lb. on the sq. ft. 0.016026 { ft * 

l at 52.3° F. 

“ “ in. 2.308 ft. of water. 

One atmosphere of 29.922 in. of 

mercury. 33.9 

One in. of mercury at 32°. 1.1334 “ “ 

One ft. of air at 32°, and one 

atmosphere. 0.001294 “ 

One ft. of average sea water. 1.026 ft. of pure water. 


MEASURES OF WORK 

are expressed in units of weight lifted through a unit of 
height; as in lbs. lifted one foot, called foot-pounds. 


MEASURES OF POWER 

are expressed in units of work done in a unit of time ; as 
in foot-pounds per second, per minute, or per hour; or in 
conventional units called horse-powers. 

One horse-power, United States measure, = 550 foot¬ 
pounds per second = 33,000 foot-pounds per minute = 
1,980,000 foot-pounds per hour. 


THE STATICAL MOMENT 
of a given weight, relatively to a given vertical plane, is 
the product of the weight into its horizontal distance 
from that plane, and is expressed in the same sort of units 
with work. 

Comparison of Measures of Statical Moment. 

Inch-lb. 

12 1 ft-lb. 

112 9f = 1 inch-cwt. 

1,344 112 12 = 1 foot-ewt. 

2,240 186f 20 If = 1 inch-ton. 

26,880 2240 240 20 12 = 1 foot-ton. 










230 


ABSOLUTE UNITS # OF FORCE. 

The “absolute unit of force” is a term used to denote 
the force which, acting on a unit of mass for a unit of 
time, produces a unit of velocity. 

The unit of time employed is always a second. 

The unit of velocity is oile foot per second. 

The unit of mass is the mass of so much matter as 
weighs one unit of weight near the level of the sea, 
and in some definite latitude. 

The unit of weight chosen is, sometimes a grain, 
sometimes a pound avoirdupois ; and it is equal to 32.187 
of the corresponding, absolute units of force. 

The proportions borne to each other by the absolute 
units of force in different countries are nearly the same 
as those of the units of work, and would be exactly the 
same but for the variation of the force of gravity in the 
latitude. 


LIGHT. 

Velocity of light, 192,000 miles per second, nearly. 
Decomposition of Light. 

Violet = maximum chemical ray. 

Indigo. 

Blue. 

Green. 

Yellow = maximum light ray. 

Orange. 

Red = maximum heat ray. 


COMBINATIONS OF COLOR. 
Primaries Secondary. 

Red and Yellow.form Orange. 

Red and Blue. “ Purple. 

Yellow and Blue. “ Green. 


Secondaries. 
Orange and Purple 
Orange and Green. 
Purple and Green. 


Tertiary, 
form Brown. 

“ Orey. 

“ Broken Green 










CONTRASTS OF COLOR. 


Primarv r>ninr« Secondary in contrast Tertiary in contrast 
ary color8 ‘ to primary. to secondary. 

Red. Green. Brown. 

Yellow. Purple. Grey. 

Blue. Orange.,. Broken Green. 


Velocity in 


SOUND. 

Ft. per second. Velocity in Ft. per second. 


Air. 1,142 

Water . 4,900 

Iron . 17,500 


Copper. 10,378 


Wood 


12,000 
to 16,000 


Distant sounds may be heard on a still day :— 


Human voice. 150 yds. 

Rifle. 5,300 “ 


Military band.... 5,200 yds. 
Cannon.35,000 “ 


TO MEASURE DISTANCES BY SOUND. 

Rule : Multiply the time the sound takes in seconds by 
1142 ; the product will be the distance in feet. 

Note. —Sound in common air moves uniformly at the 
rate of about 1,142 feet in a second. Cold and uneven 
surfaces retard its motion a little, and heat accelerates it 
in a small degree. 

Example 1 : I observed the flash of a gun 30 seconds 
before I heard the report. How far was it distant from 
me? 

Answer.- 30 X 1,142 = 34,260 ft. 

Example 2 : I observed a flash of lightning, and after 
0 strokes of my pulse I heard the thunder, and my pulse 
makes 68 strokes in a minute. How far was the thunder 
distant from me ? 


Answer .—1 mile 255.3 yards. 


















232 


MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES. 


Barrel of tar. 

Cable’s length. 

Cask of black lead. 

English Chaldron of coal.. 

“ coke. 


264 gallons. 
240 yards 
11 £ cwt. 

251 “ 

124 to 15 cwt. 


Chaldron of coal, heaped measure 36 bushels. 

Cord of wood. 128 cubic feet. 

Dozen. 12 articles. 

Fagot of steel. 120 lbs. 

Fodder of lead. 19^ cwt. 

Gross. 12 dozen 

Great gross. 12 gross 

Bushel of wheat. 60 pounds. 

“ “ indian corn. . 56 “ 

“ “oats. 32 “ 

“ “rye . 56 “ 

“ “ wheat bran. 20 “ 

Firkin of butter . 56 “ 

Quintal of dry salt fish. 100 “ 

Cask of raisins. 100 “ 

Barrel of flour. 196 “ 

Barrel of beef, pork or fish. 200 1 ‘ 

Pig of ballast. 56 “ 

Quire of paper. 24 sheets 

Ream of paper. 20 quires or 480 sheets. 

Bundle. 2 reams. 

Bale. 5 bundles. 

Roll of parchment. 60 skins 

Score. 20 articles. 


Sheet of paper folded into— 

2 leaves is termed folio size. 


4 

8 

12 

16 

18 

24 

48 


4to. or quarto. 

8 vo. or octavo. 

12 mo. or duodecimo. 
16mo. 

18mo. 

24mo. 

48mo. 






























233 


The Feeding Properties of different Vegetables, 
In comparision with 10 lbs. of hay. 


Hay. 10 

Clover hay. 8 

Vetch hay. 4 

Wheat straw. 52 

Barley straw'. 52 

Oat straw. 55 

Pea straw. 6 

Potatoes. 28 

Old potatoes. 40 

Turnips. 60 

Carrots. 35 

Cabbage. 30 to 40 

Peas and beans. 2 to 3 

Wheat. 5 

Barley. 6 

Oats. 5 

Rye... 5 

Indian corn. 6 

Bran. 5 

Oil-cake. 2 

Thus 2 lbs. of oil-cake is worth as much as 55 lbs. of 
oat straw. 


In Kentucky, 80 pounds of bituminous or cannel coal 
make a bushel. 

In Illinois, 80 pounds of bituminous coal make a bushel. 

In Missouri 80 lbs. bituminous coal make a bushel. 

In Indiana, 70 pounds of bituminous coal make a 
bushel. 

In Pennsylvania, 76 pounds of bituminous coal make 
a bushel. 

Coal, corn in the ear, fruit and roots are sold by heaped 
measure, that is, the bushel is heaped in the form of a 
cone, which cone must be 19| inches in diameter (equal 
to the outside diameter of the standard bushel measure), 
and at least 6 inches in height. 

Grain and some other commodities are sold by stricken 
measure, that is, the measure is to be stricken with a 
round stick or roller, straight and of the same diameter 
from end to end. 

Glazing and stone-cutting are estimated by the square 
feet. 

Painting, plastering, paving, ceiling, and paper-hanging 
are estimated by the square yard. 
























234 


In estimating the paintings of mouldings, cornices, &c., 
the measuring line is carried into all the mouldings and 
cornices. 

Flooring, partitioning, roofing, slating and tiling are 
estimated by the square of 100 square feet. 

A thousand shingles are estimated to cover 1 square, 
being laid 5 inches to the weather. 

A span is the distance that can be reached between the 
end of the middle finger and the end of the thumb. 
Among sailors, 8 spans are equal' to 1 thumb. 

A geographic mile is of the distance around the 

centre of the earth. 

A square mile of land is called a section. 

A Gunter’s chain used by land surveyors is 4 rods or 
(56 feet long, and consists of 100 links. 7.92 inches make 
a link. 

Canal and railroad engineers use an engineer’s chain, 
which consists of 100 links, each 1 foot long. 


TABLE OF COLORS. 

Used in Architectural and Mechanical Drawing. 


Work. 

Brickwork in plan or section... 

“ in elevation. 

to be removed by 
alterations, flintwork or lead 

Concrete works, stone. 

Clay, earth. 

Granite . 

Timber (oak excepted).. 

Oak, teak. 

Fir, and most other timber.... 

Mahogany. 

Cast iron, and wrought iron in 

the rough. 

Wrought iron, bright. 

Steel, Bright. 

Brass. 

Gun-metal. 

Meadow land. 

Sky effects. 


Color. 

Carmine, or crimson lake. 
Venetian red. 

Prussian blue. 

Sepia. 

Burnt umber. 

Purple madder. 

Raw sienna. 

Burnt sienna. 

Indian yellow. 

Indian red. 

Payne’s grey. 

Indigo. 

Indigo, with a little lake, 
Gamboge. 

Dark cadmium. 
Hooker’s green. 

Cobalt blue. 

















Ingersoll Rock Drill Company 

Manufacturer* of 


BOCK DRILLS, 



AIR COMPRESSORS, 

For Furnishing: Power to run Underground 
Machinery, Ventilation, &e. 



By using these machines Tunnels can he driven and 
Shafts sunk in one-half less time and at less expense than 
by hand. 

For illustrated catalogues, estimates, and information 
address, 

INGERSOLL ROCK DRILL CO., 

1 Park Place, N. Y. City. 

xxv Q 








Scranton Patter# eor Miners 
and Drivers. 


HUNT BROTHERS & CO. 

(LIMITED), 

DEALERS IN 

-iHARDWAREi- 



—AND— 

«MINE SUPPLIES^ 

And Manufacturers of our Improved 


MINERS’ LAMPS 


For either Kerosene or Whale Oil. 


HUNT BROTHERS & CO., Limited, 

^on application! } SCRANTON PA, 


Pittsburgh Pattern, Single 
and Double Spouts. 











WILKES-BARRE, PA., 

BUILDERS OF 


HOISTING and MINING 
MACHINERY. 



Narrow Gauge 

Mine Locomotives. 

STATIONARY ENGINES, BOILERS, Ac. 

xxvii 








r -.~ . 


VULCAN 


I!™ WoBS 

Wilkes-Baeke, 3?ja_ 

(Founded by Eichard Jones, A. D. 1849,) 

MANUFACTURERS OF 


Mining Machinery. 

xxviii 
















ANEMOMETERS. 

Microscopes, Magnifying Glasses, Field Glasses, Telescopes, 
Barometers, Compasses, Thermometers, Anemometers. 

THE LARGEST STOCK. LOWEST PRICES. 

R. & J. BECK, Manufacturing Opticians, 

1016 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. 

Illustrated Catalogue of 176 pages for three stamps. Illus¬ 
trated condensed lists of 32 pages, free. 

MENTION THIS BOOK. 


A. L. LAUBENSTE1N, 

ASHLAND, SCHUYLKILL CO., PA. 

(Post Office Box No. 274), 

Square Rod and Wire Screens, 

Porch and Fence Railings and 
Window Guards. 

The SQUARE ROD SCREENS, on account of their 
superior strength and durability, are preferred to all others 
wherever tried. Different sizes manufactured as required. 
Screen Bolts on hand. 

Some of the largest collieries in the Anthracite Coal region 
have been fitted up at these works. Estimates furnished for 
all descriptions of Screen work. Orders by mail will receive 
prompt attention. 


F. B. BANNAN’S Variety Metal Boom, 

CORNER RAILROAD AND HOWARD STREETS, 
Pottsville, Schuylkill Co., Pa. 

We make Steam Heating by Direct Radiation a Specialty. 
We furnish Boilers, Radiators (the neatest style out). Pipes, 
Valves, Fittings, &c., of every description. We make Gas and 
Water connections, build Fire Plugs and Hydrants of the latest 
and most approved pattern, we also manufacture The Noise¬ 
less Vertical Engine, which for style and finish is very hard to 
beat. We mould, cast, and finish Brass and other metals. 
Have you seen the best Mule Lamp ever made? We make it. 
You can’t melt it apart < all and see the Works. Bring in your 
Orders. Charges moderate. 


XXIX 





Improved Balance Slide Valve, 

MANUFACTURED BY 


WISNER & STRONG, PITTSTON, PA. 



We illustrate herewith an improved balance slide valve, 
formed of two valves working on opposite sides of the steam 
ports. These are held in place by holts and springs, and are 
balanced through the equal pressure of steam on all sides. 
The principal advantages are that there is a very slight 
pressure of the valves on their seats, and that through there 
Deing double steam and exhaust ports, the steam acts more 
promptly on the piston, and is exhausted more rapidly with 
less back pressure. 

A perspective view, with the chest broken away to show 
the valve, is given in Pig. 1. Fig. 2 is a vertical section, 
and Fig. 3 a plain view, the cover being removed. The 
steam ports A lead into the passages B, Fig. 2, at each end 
of the cylinder; each passage, therefore,, has a double port. 
The exhaust ports C lead into a common exhaust D. The 
two slide valves are constructed in the usual manner, and 


XXX 































are connected by bolts as exhibited in Fig. 1, said bolts pass¬ 
ing through projections on the valves ana supports E. TJpon 
each bolt is a spring to permit the valves to open and dis¬ 
charge condensed water from the cylinder, thus preventing 
the bursting of the latter. As shown in Fig. 2, steam is 
entering on the right hand side. 


The valves and ports being parts of the steam chest, are 
easily detached, and thus may be readily and economically 
repaired. It is especially adapted to locomotive or hoisting 
engines, which require frequent reversing, as the engineer 
can control his machine without shutting off steam. 

An engine with cylinder 16 inches m diameter, valves 
covering 150 square inches, worked with a 3-16 valve rod, in 
Machinery Hall, in 1876. 

For further information address, 

WISNER & STRONG, 

PITTSTON, PA. 


XXXI 























































SHAMOKIN IRON WORKS, 

SHAMOKIN, 

NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY, PA. 


JOHN MULLEN, 

MANUFACTURER OF 

Allison s Patent 

Cataract Steam Pump, 

High Pressure, Compound, and Condensing, with or 
without the New Isochronal Valve Movement. 

STEAM ENGINES, 

MINING, 

ROLLING MILL, 

FURNACE, 

SAW MILL, 

AND POWDER MILL MACHINERY. 


IRON AND BRASS CASTINGS. 


Special Machinery Built to Order. 

xxxii 















H. M. Boies, Pres. 


J. C. Peatt, Treas. J. D. Sherer, Sec. 


The Moosic Powder Co., 

SCRANTON, PA. 

MOOSIC MILLS, Moosic, Pa. EUSHDALE MILLS, Jermyn, Pa. 

Manufacture Powder exclusively for 

* Coal Mining * 

Their long experience in the Coal regions has enabled 
them to so perfect and adapt their powder to this purpose 
that it has no superior in the market. 

The Moosic Powder is put up in the improved cartridge 
package, consisting of a flexible waterproof tube, which may 
he cut into any desired length of cartridge, and enclosed in 
iron cases holding twenty-five pounds, when it is so ordered, 
without extra charge. 

Deliveries are made tcith dispatch direct from their Mills to 
any mines in the Lackawanna and Wyoming regions. 

DEALERS ALSO IN THE 

LAFLIN & RAND POWDER CO.’S SPORT¬ 
ING AND RIFLE POWDERS OF 
THE VARIOUS GRADES. 

-H-PRIMTNG POWDEEi^ 

ELECTRIC BATTERIES for EXPLODING- BLASTS 

Fuses, Primers, 

Connecting- Wire, 

Safety Fuse, &c. 

AND IN THE 

REPAUNO CHEMICAL CO.'S ATLAS POWDER 

AND HIGH EXPLOSIVES, 
xxxiii 



ST. ELMO HOTEL, 


317 and 319 Arch Street, 

PHILADELPHIA . 


RATES REDUCED TO $2.00 PER DAY. 


The traveling public will still find at 
this Hotel the same liberal provision for 
their comfort. It is located in the im¬ 
mediate centres of business and places of 
amusement, and the different Railroad 
depots, as well as all parts of the city, are 
easily accessible by Street Cars constantly 
passing the doors. It offers special induce¬ 
ments to those visiting the city for business 
or pleasure, and is head-quarter's in Phila¬ 
delphia for all persons interested in An¬ 
thracite Coal Mining. 

Your patronage respectfully solicited. 

JOS. M. FEGER, Proprietor. 


XXXIV 



G. W. BEDDALL & BRO., 

DEALERS IN 

^HAR DWAR E* 

—AND— 

❖MINING * SUPPLIES* 

Nos. 6 and 8 NORTH MAIN STREET, 

SHENANDOAH, F>A. 


At our New Store, Nos. 6 and 8 North Main Street, 
which we shall occupy July 1, 1881, we shall have the 
room, and intend to carry a splendid line of 

4-HEAVY HARDWARE AND MINING SUPPLIES'^ 

that will meet all the requirements of colliery owners. 

Our prices for Round and Square Iron, Mining Shovels, 
Drills, Sledges, Picks, Mining Lamps, Sheet-Iron, Nails, 
Oils of all kinds, Gum Rings, and Packings, &c., &c., 
will meet the lowest market quotations. 


ESTIMATES FURNISHED FOR ALL HINDS OF SUPPLIES. 

F.A.i’iEaoasT-A.a-E solicited. 

G. W. BEDDALL & BRO. 


xxxv 





MANUFACTURED BY 


DAVID S. CRESWEIL, 

_ _ t ^ 

" EAGLE IKON FOUNDR Y, 

No. 816 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 

A D. TROXELL. A - F. HANNA. 

A. D. TROXELL & CO. 

No. 207 SOUTH FRONT STREET, 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 

Rail way fe - 

—AND— 

Mirier Supplies. 


XXXVI 
























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XXXV11 


iners’ Supply Company, 

St. Clair, Schuylkill County, Pa. 

















WILKES-BABBE, 

Manufacturers of and Dealers in 


Miners’ Amber Oil, 

Sperm Oil for Safety Lamps, 
Cylinder Oil , 

Engine Oil, 

Signal Oil, 

I ■ l H I ■ I I ■ — H Mil !■ ■ ■ 

Mine-Car Oil, 

Cotton-W ick, 

Blasting Pape r, 
Chalk. 

Orders promptly filled for any grade of Oil in use 
about the Mines or Machinery. 

Samples sent by Mail or Express at our Expense. 

OFFICE AND WAREHOUSE: 

Near L. & S. R. R. and L. V. R. R. 

L. C. PAINE & CO. 

xxxviii 






















IRON AND STEEL 


WIRE ROPES, 

FLAT AND ROUND, 

For Mines, Inclined 
Planes, Wire Rope 
Tramways, 

TRANSMISSION OF POWER 
SUSPENSION BRIDGES, 

SHIP’S RIGGING, 


None 


Etc., Etc. 


This Company has 

The Largest 

AND 

MOST PERFECT 

ROPE-MAKING 

MACHINERY 

IN THE WORLD. 

Capable of making Ropes any size, 
from a Sash Cord to Ropes Sixty Tons 
Weight, without a Splice. 

but the VERY BEST MATERIALS used. 


For Prices, Instructions on the use of Wire Ropes and other information, address 


THE HAZARD MANUFACTURING CO., 

WILKES-BARRE, PA. 

to Mi BECKETT & McDOWELL, Agents, 17 Cortlandt St. 






*®" Steam Pumps for Every Possible Service."®® 


Mining Puiips a Specialty. 


New and Improved Patterns. 


Seaacl for IXjXjTTSTIEa.&.TEID C-^.T^XjOO-TJE. 


KNOWLES’ 

I mproved St eam P umps, 

THE STANDARD. 


Knowles’ Steam Pump Works, 

86 LIBERTY STREET, 

NEW YORK. 





































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